千
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han character
千 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 竹十 (HJ), four-corner 20400, composition ⿱丿十)
Derived characters
Descendants
- チ (Katakana character derived from man'yōgana)
Further reading
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 155, character 19
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2697
- Dae Jaweon: page 351, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 59, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5343
Chinese
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 千 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *sn̥ʰiːn) : semantic 一 (“one, signifying a number”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin). The Old Chinese pronunciations of 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn) and 人 (OC *njin) were similar. For the component 人, compare its combining form 亻.
The traditional explanation holds that the extra line indicates an extension (see the etymologies of 年 and 延). 千 has the meaning one thousand because one thousand is a number that is reached by extending one's counting.
Etymology 1
simp. and trad. |
千 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 仟 financial |
Unclear. Schuessler (2007) notes similar forms in Mon-Khmer, though their initials and finals do not match Old Chinese; compare Vietnamese nghìn and Old Mon lṅim (whence Mon လ္ၚီ (ŋìm)), all meaning "thousand". Also compare Proto-Hlai *C-ŋin.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): qian1
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чян (či͡an, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): qien1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): qie1
- Northern Min (KCR): cháing
- Eastern Min (BUC): chiĕng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 1chi
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cienn1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cian
- Wade–Giles: chʻien1
- Yale: chyān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
- Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: qian1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kian
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чян (či͡an, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiæ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: cin1
- Yale: chīn
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsin1
- Guangdong Romanization: qin1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰiːn⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ten1
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰen³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qien1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiên
- Hakka Romanization System: qien´
- Hagfa Pinyim: qian1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯en²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: qie1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cháing
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰaiŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: chiĕng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰieŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- chheng/chhuiⁿ - vernacular;
- chhian - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: coin1 / cain1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshoiⁿ / tshaiⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰõĩ³³/, /t͡sʰãĩ³³/
- cain1 - Huilai, Jieyang, Chaoyang;
- coin1 - other places.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 千 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/ |
Harbin | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰian²¹/ | |
Jinan | /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡sʰiã²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡sʰian²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰiã²¹/ | |
Xining | /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/ | |
Kunming | /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡sʰien³¹/ | |
Hefei | /t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰie³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/ |
Suzhou | /t͡sʰiɪ⁵⁵/ | |
Hangzhou | /t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/ | |
Wenzhou | /t͡ɕʰi³³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰe³¹/ |
Tunxi | /t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sʰiẽ³³/ |
Xiangtan | /t͡sʰiẽ³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰien⁴⁴/ |
Taoyuan | /t͡sʰien²⁴/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰin⁵³/ |
Nanning | /t͡sʰin⁵⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /t͡sʰin⁵⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sʰian⁵⁵/ /t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰieŋ⁴⁴/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sʰaiŋ⁵⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰõi³³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /sin²³/ /sai²³/ |
- Middle Chinese: tshen
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.n̥ˤi[ŋ]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sn̥ʰiːn/
Definitions
See also
Chinese numbers | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 106 | 108 | 1012 | |
Normal (小寫/小写) |
〇, 零, 空 | 一, 蜀 | 二, 兩/两 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 | 七 | 八 | 九 | 十 | 百 | 千 | 萬/万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) |
百萬/百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines) |
億/亿 | 兆 (Taiwan) 萬億/万亿 (Mainland China) |
Financial (大寫/大写) |
零 | 壹 | 貳/贰 | 參/叁 | 肆 | 伍 | 陸/陆 | 柒 | 捌 | 玖 | 拾 | 佰 | 仟 |
Compounds
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Descendants
Others:
- → Zhuang: cien (“thousand”)
Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 千 – see 韆 (“swing”). (This character is the simplified form of 韆). |
Notes:
|
Further reading
- “Entry #188”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
Compounds
Alternative forms
Kanji in this term |
---|
千 |
せん Grade: 1 |
on’yomi |
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 千 (MC tshen).
Pronunciation
Numeral
Derived terms
Japanese numerical compounds with 千 (sen) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,000 | 2,000 | 3,000 | 4,000 | 5,000 | 6,000 | 7,000 | 8,000 | 9,000 | Thousands of |
千 (sen) 一千 (issen) |
二千 (nisen) | 三千 (sanzen) | 四千 (yonsen) | 五千 (gosen) | 六千 (rokusen) | 七千 (nanasen) | 八千 (hassen) | 九千 (kyūsen) | 何千 (nanzen) 数千 (sūsen) |
Idioms
Affix
Derived terms
Proper noun
- a surname, especially from the line of tea ceremony masters
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
千 |
ち Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
⟨ti⟩ → /t͡ɕi/
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation
Numeral
Derived terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 千 (MC tshen).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 쳔 (Yale: chyèn) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] | 즈〮믄〮 (Yale: cúmún) | 쳔 (Yale: chyèn) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕʰʌ̹n]
- Phonetic hangul: [천]
Hanja
千 (eumhun 일천(一千) 천 (ilcheon cheon))
Compounds
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Old Japanese
Etymology
From Proto-Japonic *ti. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Numeral
千 (ti) (kana ち)
Derived terms
Descendants
- Japanese: 千 (chi)
Vietnamese
Han character
千: Hán Việt readings: thiên (
千: Nôm readings: thiên[1][2][4][6], xiên[1]
Compounds
- 一笑千金 (nhất tiếu thiên kim)
- 千古 (thiên cổ)
- 千金 (thiên kim)
- 千官 (thiên quan)
- 千載一時 (thiên tải nhất thì)
- 千秋 (thiên thu)
- 千歲 (thiên tuế)
- 千變萬化 (thiên biến vạn hóa/thiên biến vạn hoá)
- 千年紀 (thiên niên kỉ)
- 千乘之國 (thiên thặng chi quốc)
- 千歲 (thiên tuếlong live)
References
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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