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{{also|Ψυχή|ψυχῇ}} |
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==Ancient Greek== |
==Ancient Greek== |
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===Alternative forms=== |
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* {{alter|grc|ψῡχᾱ́||dor}} |
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{{grc-ipa-rows|ps|uu|kh|ee'}} |
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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
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From {{affix|grc|ψῡ́χω|t1=I blow|-η|id2=zero grade}}, but never had the meaning "breath", even in Homer. |
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From ''[[ψύχω]]'' ("I blow") |
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Compare {{cog|cau-cir-pro|*psa}}, {{cog|cau-nwc-pro|*pǝsA|lit=soul}}. |
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===Pronunciation=== |
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{{grc-IPA|ψῡχή}} |
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*{{hyph|grc|ψυ|χή}} |
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* {{audio|grc|Grc-ψυχή.ogg|Audio (Classical Attic)}} |
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===Noun=== |
===Noun=== |
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{{grc-noun| |
{{grc-noun|ψῡχή|ψῡχῆς|f|first}} |
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# The [[animating]] [[principle]] of a [[human]] or [[animal]] [[body]], [[vital]] [[spirit]], [[soul]], [[life]] (''the animating principle of life''). |
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# [[life]] (''the state of being alive'') |
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#* {{Q|grc|Homer|Iliad|22|324 f.|quote={{...}} φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι<br>λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε '''ψυχῆς''' ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·|transauthor=Augustus Taber Murray|transyear=1924|trans={{...}} but there was an opening where the collar bones part the neck and shoulders, even the gullet,<br>where destruction of '''life''' cometh most speedily;}} |
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#* Revelation 8:9 (text according to Stephanus (1550) and Scrivener (1894)) |
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#* |
#* {{Q|grc|NT|Revelation|8|9|notes=text according to Stephanus [1550] and Scrivener [1894]|quote={{...}} καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα '''ψυχὰς''' καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθαρη.|transauthor=Robert Young (''{{w|Young's Literal Translation}}'')|transyear=1862|trans={{...}} and die did the third of the creatures {{...}} in the sea, those having '''life''', and the third of the ships were destroyed.}} |
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## {{lb|grc|poetic}} Life-[[breath]], [[lifeblood]] (''‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation''). |
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#*:: Young’s Literal Translation (1862): |
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##* {{Q|grc|Homer|Iliad|14|516|thru=519|quote=Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν<br>οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ’ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε<br>δῃώσας: '''ψυχὴ''' δὲ κατ’ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν<br>ἔσσυτ’ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.|transauthor=Robert Fagles|transyear=1990|trans=Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor,<br>gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open,<br>spurting his entrails out — and his '''life[-blood]''', gushing forth<br>through the raw, yawning wound, went pulsing fast<br>and the dark came swirling down across his eyes.}} |
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#*::: and die did the third of the creatures that [are] in the sea, those having '''life''', and the third of the ships were destroyed. |
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##* {{Q|grc|Homer|Iliad|16|505|quote={{...}} τοῖο δ’ ἅμα '''ψυχήν''' τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ’ αἰχμήν.|transauthor=Robert Fagles|transyear=1990|trans={{...}} so he dragged out both the man's '''life-breath''' and the weapon's point together.}} |
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# {{poetic|lang=grc}} [[life]]-[[breath]], [[life]]-[[blood]] (''‘the state of being alive’ made corporeal'') |
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## {{lb|grc|philosophy|since the early physicists}} Animating principle in [[primary]] [[substance]]s, the [[source]] of life and [[consciousness]]. |
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#* Homer, ''Ἰλιάς'' (''Iliad''), book 14, lines 516–19: |
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##* {{Q|grc|Heraclitus|frag. 36|quote=ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψυχή.|transauthor=John Burnet|transyear=1920|trans=For it is death to souls to become water, and death to water to become earth. But water comes from earth; and from water, soul.}} |
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#*: Ἀτρεΐδης δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔπειθ᾽ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν / οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ᾽ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε |
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##* {{Q|grc|Aristotle|De anima|405a20|quote=ἔοικε δὲ καὶ Θαλῆς ἐξ ὧν ἀπομνημονεύουσι κινητικόν τι τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν, εἴπερ τὴν λίθον ἔφη ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ·|transauthor=Charles Collier|transyear=1855|trans=Thales, too, from what has been recorded of him, seems to have assumed that the Vital Principle is something motive, since he said that the loadstone must have a Vital Principle because it gives motion to iron.}} |
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#*: δῃώσας: '''ψυχὴ''' δὲ κατ᾽ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν / ἔσσυτ᾽ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε. |
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## {{lb|grc|[[Septuagint]]}} A [[person]] |
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#*:: Robert Fagles’ translation (1990): |
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##* {{Q|grc|LXX|Ge.|46|18}} |
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#*::: Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor, / gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open, |
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# [[animate|Animate]] [[existence]], viewed as a [[possession]], [[one’s]] life. |
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#*::: spurting his entrails out — and his '''life[-blood]''', gushing forth / through the raw, yawning wound, went pulsing fast |
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#* {{Q|grc|Homer|Iliad|9|322|quote={{...}} αἰεὶ ἐμὴν '''ψυχὴν''' παραβαλλόμενος πολεμίζειν.|transauthor=Augustus Taber Murray|transyear=1924|trans={{...}} ever staking my '''life''' in fight.}} |
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#*::: and the dark came siwrling down across his eyes. |
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#* {{Q|grc|Homer|Odyssey|9|422 f.|quote=πάντας δὲ δόλους καὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινον,<br>ὥς τε περὶ '''ψυχῆς'''· μέγα γὰρ κακὸν ἐγγύθεν ἦεν.|transauthor=Augustus Taber Murray||transyear=1862|trans=And I wove all manner of wiles and counsel, as a man will in a matter of '''life and death'''; for great was the evil that was nigh us.}} |
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#* Homer, ''Ἰλιάς'' (''Iliad''), book 16, line 505: |
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# The spirit or soul thought of as [[distinct]] from the [[body]] and [[leaving]] it at [[death]] (''the immortal part of a person''). |
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#*: τοῖο δ᾽ ἅμα '''ψυχήν''' τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ᾽ αἰχμήν. |
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#* {{Q|grc|Homer|Iliad|1|1|thru=5|quote=μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος<br>οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,<br>πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους '''ψυχὰς''' Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν<br>ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν<br>οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή.|transauthor=Robert Fagles|transyear=1990|trans=Rage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,<br>{{...}} doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses,<br>hurling down to the House of Death so many sturdy {{...}}<!--the excision makes the translation match the original text more closely--><br>great fighters’ '''souls''', but made their bodies carrion,<br>feasts for the dogs and birds,<br>and the will of Zeus was moving toward its end.}} |
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#*:: Robert Fagles’ translation (1990): |
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#* {{Q|grc|Homer|Iliad|5|696|quote={{...}} τὸν δ’ ἔλιπε '''ψυχή''', κατὰ δ’ ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτ’ ἀχλύς·|transauthor=Augustus Taber Murray|transyear=1924|trans={{...}} and his '''spirit''' failed him, and down over his eyes a mist was shed.}} |
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#*::: so he dragged out both the man's '''life breath''' and the weapon's point together. |
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# [[ |
## A [[disembodied]] spirit, a [[shade]] or [[ghost]] (''the spirit of a dead person''). |
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##* {{Q|grc|Homer|Odyssey|23|362|thru=24.2|quote=αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμ’ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι<br>ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, οὓς ἔκτανον ἐν μεγάροισιν.<br>⁂<br>Ἑρμῆς δὲ '''ψυχὰς''' Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο<br>ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: {{...}}|transauthor=Robert Fagles|transyear=1996|trans=[Go] quick as the rising sun the news will spread<br>of the suitors that I killed inside the house.<br>⁂<br>Now Cyllenian Hermes called away the suitors’ '''ghosts''', {{...}}}} |
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#* Homer, ''Ἰλιάς'' (''Iliad''), book 1, lines 1–5: |
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# Spirit (''[[animate]]d attitude''), [[conscious]] [[self]], [[personality]] as [[centre]] of [[emotion]]s, [[desire]]s and [[affection]]s, [[heart]]. |
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#*: μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος / οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί᾽ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε᾽ ἔθηκε, |
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#* {{Q|grc|Pindar|I.|53|thru=55|quote=Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, '''ψυχὰν''' δ’ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ’ ἀνὴρ<br>τὰν πυροφόρον Λιβύαν, κρανίοις ὄφρα ξένων ναὸν Ποσειδάωνος ἐρέφοντα σχέθοι,<br>υἱὸς Ἀλκμήνας|transauthor=Diane Svarlien|transyear=1990|trans=And yet once there went from Thebes, Cadmus’ city, a hero short in stature but unflinching in '''spirit'''. This hero went to the house of Antaeus in grain-bearing Libya, to keep him from roofing Poseidon's temple with the skulls of strangers, Alcmena's son.}} |
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#*: πολλὰς δ᾽ ἰφθίμους '''ψυχὰς''' Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν / ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν |
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#* {{Q|grc|Xenophon|On Horsemanship|11|1|quote=ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν '''ψυχὴν''' μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον.|transauthor=Henry Graham Dakyns|transyear=c. 1898|trans=If, however, the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state processions, a high stepper and a showy animal, these are qualities not to be found combined in every horse, but to begin with, the animal must have high '''spirit''' and a stalwart body.}} |
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#*: οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ᾽ ἐτελείετο βουλή. |
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## {{lb|grc|philosophy|after Plato}} The spirit of the [[universe]], the [[immaterial]] principle of [[movement]] and life. |
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#*:: Robert Fagles’ translation (1990): |
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##* {{Q|grc|Plato|Timaeus|34b|quote=ψυχὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ θεὶς διὰ παντός τε ἔτεινεν καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτῇ περιεκάλυψεν, {{...}}|transauthor=W. R. M. Lamb|transyear=1925|trans=And in the midst thereof He set Soul, which He stretched throughout the whole of it, and therewith He enveloped also the exterior of its body; {{...}}}} |
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#*::: Rage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles, / [...] doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses, |
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# The [[mind]] (''seat or organ of thought''), (the faculty of) [[reason]]. |
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#*::: hurling down to the House of Death so many sturdy [...]<!--the excision makes the translation match the original text more closely--> / great fighters’ '''souls''', but made their bodies carrion, |
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#* {{Q|grc|Xenophon|Economics|6|16|quote=ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς '''ψυχάς'''.|transauthor=E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd and William Heinemann|transyear=1979|trans=But after all, it was not so: I thought I discovered that some who were beautiful to look at were thoroughly depraved in their '''minds'''.}} |
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#*::: feasts for the dogs and birds, / and the will of Zeus was moving toward its end. |
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# {{lb|grc|rare|extended from the meaning ‘soul’}} [[butterfly|Butterfly]]. |
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# [[ghost]] (''the spirit of a dead person'') |
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#* {{Q|grc|Aristotle|History of Animals|5|19|quote=Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι '''ψυχαὶ''' ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην.|trans=Those arise — those which one calls '''butterflies (psukhai)''' — out of those caterpillars which arise on leaves of green, especially on the [leaves] of the cabbage-plant ([[w:Raphanus|raphanos]]), which some call cabbage ([[w:Crambe|krambē]]).}} |
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#* Homer, ''Ὀδύσσεια'' (''Odyssey''), book 23, lines 362–363, and book 24, lines 1–2: |
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#*: αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμ᾽ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι / ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, οὓς ἔκτανον ἐν μεγάροισιν: |
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#*: ¶ |
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#*: Ἑρμῆς δὲ '''ψυχὰς''' Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο / ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: [...] |
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#*:: Robert Fagles’ translation (1996): |
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#*::: [Go] quick as the rising sun the news will spread / of the suitors that I killed inside the house. |
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#*::: ¶ |
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#*::: Now Cyllenian Hermes called away the suitors' '''ghosts''', [...] |
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# the [[mind]] (''seat or organ of thought''), (the faculty of) [[reason]] |
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#* Xenophon, ''Οἰκονομικων'' (''Economics''), chapter 6, section 16: |
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#*: ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ᾽ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς '''ψυχάς'''. |
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#*:: E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd and William Heinemann’s translation (1979): |
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#*::: But after all, it was not so: I thought I discovered that some who were beautiful to look at were thoroughly depraved in their '''minds'''. |
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# [[spirit]] ([[animate]]d attitude) |
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#* Xenophon, ''Ἱππαρχικὸς ἢ περὶ ἱππικῆς'' (''On Horsemanship''), chapter 11, section 1: |
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#*: ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν '''ψυχὴν''' μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον. |
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#*:: Henry Graham Dakyns’ translation (circa 1898): |
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#*::: If, however, the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state processions, a high stepper and a showy animal, these are qualities not to be found combined in every horse, but to begin with, the animal must have high '''spirit''' and a stalwart body. |
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#* Pindar, ''Ισθμιόνικοι, Μελισσῳ Θηβαίῳ Παγκρατίῳ'' (''Isthmian Ode 4''), lines 53–55: |
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#*: Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, '''ψυχὰν''' δ᾽ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ᾽ ἀνὴρ / τὰν πυροφόρον Λιβύαν, κρανίοις ὄφρα ξένων ναὸν Ποσειδάωνος ἐρέφοντα σχέθοι, / υἱὸς Ἀλκμήνας: |
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#*:: Diane Svarlien’s translation (1990) |
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#*::: And yet once there went from Thebes, Cadmus’ city, a hero short in stature but unflinching in '''spirit'''. This hero went to the house of Antaeus in grain-bearing Libya, to keep him from roofing Poseidon's temple with the skulls of strangers, Alcmena's son. |
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# {{context|rare|extended from the meaning ‘soul’|lang=grc}} [[butterfly]] |
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#* Aristotle, ''Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι'' (''History of Animals''), book 5, section 19: |
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#*: Γίνονται δ᾽ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι '''ψυχαὶ''' ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην. |
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#*:: Those arise — those which one calls '''butterflies (psukhai)''' — out of those caterpillars which arise on leaves of green, especially on the [leaves] of the cabbage-plant ([[w:Raphanus|raphanos]]), which some call cabbage ([[w:Crambe|krambē]]). |
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==== |
====Declension==== |
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{{grc-decl |
{{grc-decl|form=F-full|ψῡχή|ψῡχῆς}} |
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====Quotations==== |
====Quotations==== |
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* {{Q|grc|Pindar|N.|37|thru=39|quote=παῦροι δὲ βουλεῦσαι φόνου <br> παρποδίου νεφέλαν τρέψαι ποτὶ <br> δυσμενέων ἀνδρῶν στίχας <br> χερσὶ καὶ '''ψυχᾷ''' δυνατοί}} |
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* Luke 21:19 (text according to Stephanus (1550), Westcott-Hort (1881) and Scrivener (1894)) |
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*:: cited by Liddell and Scott as an example of {{lang|grc|ψυχή}} meaning “the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections” |
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*: ἐν τῇ ὑπομονῇ ὑμῶν κτήσασθε τὰς '''ψυχὰς''' ὑμῶν |
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*:: in your patience possess ye your '''souls'''. (YLT, KJV) |
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*:: Stand firm, and you will win '''life'''. (NIV) |
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* Pindar, ''Νεμεόνικοι, Χρομιῳ Αιτναιῳ Αρματι'' (''Nemean Ode 9''), lines 37-39: |
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*: παῦροι δὲ βουλεῦσαι φόνου / παρποδίου νεφέλαν τρέψαι ποτὶ / δυσμενέων ἀνδρῶν στίχας / χερσὶ καὶ '''ψυχᾷ''' δυνατοί |
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*:: cited by Liddell and Scott as an example of "ψυχή" meaning "the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections" |
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*:: Diane Svarlien’s translation (1990): |
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*::: But few are able to conspire with hand and '''heart''' to turn back against the ranks of the enemy the cloud of slaughter that presses close upon them. |
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*:: Dawson Turner’s prose translation (1852): |
*:: Dawson Turner’s prose translation (1852): |
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*::: But few are able to counsel how with hands and '''soul''' to turn the cloud of war that is upon them upon the ranks of the enemies. |
*::: But few are able to counsel how with hands and '''soul''' to turn the cloud of war that is upon them upon the ranks of the enemies. |
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*:: Abraham Moore’s metrical translation (1852): |
*:: Abraham Moore’s metrical translation (1852): |
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*::: Few are the fiery souls that know, |
*::: Few are the fiery souls that know,<br>When war’s fierce tempest heaviest falls,<br>Back on th’ assailant’s arms and wavering ranks<br>With hand and '''heart''' to turn<br>The wasteful wreck. |
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*:: Diane Svarlien’s translation (1990): |
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*::: But few are able to conspire with hand and '''heart''' to turn back against the ranks of the enemy the cloud of slaughter that presses close upon them. |
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* {{Q|grc|NT|Luke|21|19}} (text according to Stephanus [1550], Westcott-Hort [1881] and Scrivener [1894]) |
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*: {{lang|grc|{{...}} ἐν τῇ ὑπομονῇ ὑμῶν κτήσασθε τὰς '''ψυχὰς''' ὑμῶν}} |
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*:: Translations: |
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*::: {{...}} in your patience possess ye your '''souls'''. ([[w:Young’s Literal Version|YLV]], {{w|KJV}}) |
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*::: Stand firm, and you will win '''life'''. ({{w|NIV}}) |
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====Derived terms==== |
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* {{l|grc|ἐλευθερόψῡχος}} |
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* {{l|grc|εὔψυχος}} |
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* {{l|grc|ψῡχικός}} |
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* {{l|grc|ψυχοπομπός}} |
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* {{l|grc|ψῡχοτρόφος}} |
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=== |
====Descendants==== |
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* {{desc|el|ψυχή}} |
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* [[anima]] |
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* {{desc|cop|ⲯⲩⲭⲏ|bor=1}} |
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* {{desc|la|psychē|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|ca|psique|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|cs|psýcha|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|da|psyke|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|nl|psyche|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|en|psyche|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|eo|psiko|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|fi|psyyke|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|fr|psyché|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|de|Psyche|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|it|psiche|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|oc|psiquè|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|pt|psique|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|bor=1|sh|psiha|пси̏ха}} |
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** {{desc|scn|psichi|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|es|psique|bor=1}}, {{desc|es|psiquis|nolb=1}} |
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** {{desc|sv|psyke|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|mul|psycho-|bor=1}} |
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** {{desc|yi|פּסיכע|bor=1}} |
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* {{desc|bg|психика|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός) |
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* {{desc|ka|ფსიქიკა|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός) |
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* {{desc|ga|síci-|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός) |
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* {{desc|pl|psychika|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός) |
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* {{desc|ro|psihic|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός) |
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* {{desc|ru|психика|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός) |
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===References=== |
===References=== |
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* {{R:Middle Liddell}} |
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* [[w:BDAG|BDAG]] |
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* {{R:Autenrieth}} |
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* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3Dyuxh%2F ψυχή] in ''An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon'' by Liddell & Scott, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1899: "breath; the life, spirit" |
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* {{R: |
* {{R:Woodhouse}} |
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* {{R:Cunliffe}} |
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* {{R:Bailly}} |
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* {{R:LSJ}} |
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* {{R:DGE}} |
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* {{R:Strong's|G|5590}} |
* {{R:Strong's|G|5590}} |
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* {{R:BDAG}} |
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* '''2006''', Steven Paul, ''The Apocalypse Letter by Letter: A Literary Analysis of the Book of Revelation'', page 281 (discussing Revelation 8:9): "The literal meaning of the noun “ψυχή” [psykhë, or psyche] is “breath”; hence, like “πνεῦμα” [pneuma], it can also mean “spirit, soul, mind.”" |
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* '''2006''', Steven Paul, ''The Apocalypse Letter by Letter: A Literary Analysis of the Book of Revelation'', page 281 (discussing Revelation 8:9): “The literal meaning of the noun ‘ψυχή’ [psykhë, or psyche] is ‘breath’; hence, like ‘πνεῦμα’ [pneuma], it can also mean ‘spirit, soul, mind.’" |
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* '''2007''', Leon Marvell, ''Transfigured light: philosophy, cybernetics and the hermetic imaginary'' (ISBN 978-1-933146-27-0), page 128: "the psyche (the term derives from ψυχη, the breath, and ψυχειν, to breathe)" |
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* {{cite-book|grc|year=2007|author=Leon Marvell|title=Transfigured light: philosophy, cybernetics and the hermetic imaginary|isbn=978-1-933146-27-0|page=128|chapter=the psyche (the term derives from ψυχη, the breath, and ψυχειν, to breathe)}} |
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---- |
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==Greek== |
==Greek== |
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===Etymology=== |
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Inherited from {{inh|el|grc|ψυχή|tr=-}}. |
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===Pronunciation=== |
===Pronunciation=== |
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* {{IPA| |
* {{IPA|el|/psiˈçi/}} |
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* {{audio|el|Ell-Psychi.ogg|Audio}} |
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* {{hyphenation|ψυ|χή|lang=el}} |
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* ''with article, feminine singular accusative'' {{l|el|την}}: {{IPA|el|/tim‿bziˈçi/}} |
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* {{hyphenation|el|ψυ|χή}} |
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===Noun=== |
===Noun=== |
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{{el-noun|f |
{{el-noun|f|ψυχές}} |
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# {{lb|el|religion|folklore|also|_|figurative}} [[soul]], [[spirit]] {{gloss|essence of a person (or place or thing figuratively) usually thought to consist of one's thoughts and personality}} |
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# [[soul]] |
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#: {{uxi|el|Ο Θεός να αναπαύσει την '''ψυχή''' της.|God rest her '''soul'''.}} |
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# [[human]], [[man]] |
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#: {{uxi|el|Το σώμα είναι η κιβωτός της '''ψυχής'''.|The body is the vessel of the '''soul'''.}} |
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# the [[emotional]] and [[moral]] world |
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#: {{uxi|el|Στον δρόμο δεν υπήρχε '''ψυχή''' τέτοια ώρα.|There wasn't a '''soul''' to be seen on the road at that hour.}} |
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# [[courage]], [[courageousness]] |
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#: {{uxi|el|η '''ψυχή''' της Ελλάδας|the '''soul''' of Greece}} |
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# one who incites courage |
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# {{lb|el|figuratively}} [[courage]], [[bravery]], [[valour]] {{gloss|quality of a confident character not to be afraid or intimidated easily}} |
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# [[butterfly]] |
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# {{lb|el|entomology}} [[butterfly]] |
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#: {{syn|el|πεταλούδα}} |
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# {{lb|el|music}} [[sound post]] (of a [[string instrument]], e.g. the [[violin]]) |
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==== |
====Declension==== |
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{{el-nF-η-ες-1|ψυχ}} |
{{el-nF-η-ες-1|ψυχ}} |
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====Derived terms==== |
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[[bs:ψυχή]] |
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{{col1|el|sort=0|collapse=0|title=expressions |
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[[de:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|άβυσσος η ψυχή του ανθρώπου|gloss=there's nowt so queer as folk}} {{qualifier|''literally:'' "an abyss [is] the soul of man"}} |
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[[el:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|εν βρασμώ ψυχής}} |
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[[es:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|μια ψυχή που είναι να βγει}} |
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[[fr:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|πήγε η ψυχή μου στην Κούλουρη}} |
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[[fy:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|ψυχή τε και σώματι}} |
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[[ko:ψυχή]] |
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}} |
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[[it:ψυχή]] |
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[[lt:ψυχή]] |
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====Related terms==== |
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[[hu:ψυχή]] |
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{{col2|el|sort=0|collapse=0 |
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[[ja:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|αναψυχή|g=f|t=recreation, entertainment}} |
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[[pl:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|αναψυχώνω|t=reanimate; give courage}} |
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[[pt:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|αψυχολόγητος|t=}} |
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[[ro:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|άψυχος|t=lifeless; spiritless}} |
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[[ru:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|γενναιόψυχος|t=}} |
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[[tr:ψυχή]] |
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| {{l|el|έμψυχος|t=animate}} |
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| {{l|el|εμψυχώνω|t=give courage}} & ''related words'' |
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| {{l|el|εφτάψυχος|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|κακόψυχος|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|καλόψυχος|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|λιγόψυχος|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|λιπόψυχος|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|μεγαλόψυχος|t=magnanimous}} |
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| {{l|el|μετεμψύχωση|g=f|t=transmigration, metempsychosis}} |
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| {{l|el|μικρόψυχος|t=mean-spirited}} |
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| {{l|el|ολόψυχα|pos=adverb|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|ολόψυχος|t=wholehearted}} |
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| {{l|el|ομοψυχία|g=f|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|ομόψυχος|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|πονόψυχος|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχαγωγία|g=f|t=entertainment}} & ''related words'' |
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| {{l|el|ψυχάκι|g=n|pos=diminutive}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχάρα|g=f|pos=augmentative}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχικά|pos=adverb}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχικό|g=n}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχικός|t=of the soul}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχισμός|g=m}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχούλα|g=f|pos=diminutive}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχούδι|g=n}} {{q|idiomatic}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχωμένος|pos=participle|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|ψύχωση|g=f|t=psychosis}} & ''compounds'' |
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| {{l|el|ψυχωσικός|t=}} |
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| {{l|el|ψυχωτικός|t=psychotic}} |
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| {{l|el|ξεψυχάω|t=die}} / {{l|el|ξεψυχώ}} |
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| {{l|el|ξεψυχισμένος|pos=participle|t=faint, toneless}} |
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}} |
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<i>and</i> {{l|el|ψυχο-|t=psycho-}} ''like'' {{l|el|ψυχαγωγία|g=f|t=entertainment}}, {{l|el|ψυχιατρική|g=f|t=psychiatry}}, {{l|el|ψυχολογία|g=f|t=psychology}} |
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{{prefixsee|el|ψυχο-}} |
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{{prefixsee|el|ψυχ-}} |
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===Further reading=== |
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* {{R:DSMG}} |
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* {{pedia|lang=el}} |
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{{topics|el|Insects}} |
Revision as of 22:31, 12 December 2023
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
Etymology
From ψῡ́χω (psū́khō, “I blow”) + -η (-ē), but never had the meaning "breath", even in Homer.
Compare Proto-Circassian *psa, Proto-Northwest Caucasian *pǝsA (literally “soul”).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /psyː.kʰɛ̌ː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /psyˈkʰe̝/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /psyˈçi/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /psyˈçi/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /psiˈçi/
- Hyphenation: ψυ‧χή
-
Audio (Classical Attic): (file)
Noun
ψῡχή • (psūkhḗ) f (genitive ψῡχῆς); first declension
- The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.324 f.:
- […] φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι
λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·- […] phaíneto d’ hêi klēîdes ap’ ṓmōn aukhén’ ékhousi
laukaníēn, hína te psukhês ṓkistos ólethros;
- 1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray
- […] but there was an opening where the collar bones part the neck and shoulders, even the gullet,
where destruction of life cometh most speedily;
- […] but there was an opening where the collar bones part the neck and shoulders, even the gullet,
- […] phaíneto d’ hêi klēîdes ap’ ṓmōn aukhén’ ékhousi
- […] φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι
- New Testament, Revelation 8:9, (text according to Stephanus [1550] and Scrivener [1894]):
- […] καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχὰς καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθαρη.
- […] kaì apéthanen tò tríton tôn ktismátōn tôn en têi thalássēi tà ékhonta psukhàs kaì tò tríton tôn ploíōn diephtharē.
- 1862 translation by Robert Young (Young's Literal Translation)
- […] and die did the third of the creatures […] in the sea, those having life, and the third of the ships were destroyed.
- […] καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχὰς καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθαρη.
- (poetic) Life-breath, lifeblood (‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.516–519:
- Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν
οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ’ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε
δῃώσας: ψυχὴ δὲ κατ’ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν
ἔσσυτ’ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.- Atreḯdēs d’ ár’ épeith’ Huperḗnora poiména laôn
oûta katà lapárēn, dià d’ éntera khalkòs áphusse
dēiṓsas: psukhḕ dè kat’ outaménēn ōteilḕn
éssut’ epeigoménē, tòn dè skótos ósse kálupse.
- 1990 translation by Robert Fagles
- Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor,
gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open,
spurting his entrails out — and his life[-blood], gushing forth
through the raw, yawning wound, went pulsing fast
and the dark came swirling down across his eyes.
- Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor,
- Atreḯdēs d’ ár’ épeith’ Huperḗnora poiména laôn
- Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν
- (philosophy, since the early physicists) Animating principle in primary substances, the source of life and consciousness.
- Heraclitus, frag. 36 :
- ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψυχή.
- psukhêisin thánatos húdōr genésthai, húdati dè thánatos gên genésthai, ek gês dè húdōr gínetai, ex húdatos dè psukhḗ.
- 1920 translation by John Burnet
- For it is death to souls to become water, and death to water to become earth. But water comes from earth; and from water, soul.
- ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψυχή.
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, De anima 405a20:
- ἔοικε δὲ καὶ Θαλῆς ἐξ ὧν ἀπομνημονεύουσι κινητικόν τι τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν, εἴπερ τὴν λίθον ἔφη ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ·
- éoike dè kaì Thalês ex hôn apomnēmoneúousi kinētikón ti tḕn psukhḕn hupolabeîn, eíper tḕn líthon éphē psukhḕn ékhein, hóti tòn sídēron kineî;
- 1855 translation by Charles Collier
- Thales, too, from what has been recorded of him, seems to have assumed that the Vital Principle is something motive, since he said that the loadstone must have a Vital Principle because it gives motion to iron.
- ἔοικε δὲ καὶ Θαλῆς ἐξ ὧν ἀπομνημονεύουσι κινητικόν τι τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν, εἴπερ τὴν λίθον ἔφη ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ·
- (Septuagint) A person
- Animate existence, viewed as a possession, one’s life.
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.422 f.:
- πάντας δὲ δόλους καὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινον,
ὥς τε περὶ ψυχῆς· μέγα γὰρ κακὸν ἐγγύθεν ἦεν.- pántas dè dólous kaì mêtin húphainon,
hṓs te perì psukhês; méga gàr kakòn engúthen êen.
- 1862 translation by Augustus Taber Murray
- And I wove all manner of wiles and counsel, as a man will in a matter of life and death; for great was the evil that was nigh us.
- pántas dè dólous kaì mêtin húphainon,
- πάντας δὲ δόλους καὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινον,
- The spirit or soul thought of as distinct from the body and leaving it at death (the immortal part of a person).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.1–5:
- μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος
οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,
πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν
ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν
οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή.- mênin áeide theà Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos
ouloménēn, hḕ murí’ Akhaioîs álge’ éthēke,
pollàs d’ iphthímous psukhàs Áïdi proḯapsen
hērṓōn, autoùs dè helṓria teûkhe kúnessin
oiōnoîsí te pâsi, Diòs d’ eteleíeto boulḗ.
- 1990 translation by Robert Fagles
- Rage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,
[…] doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses,
hurling down to the House of Death so many sturdy […]
great fighters’ souls, but made their bodies carrion,
feasts for the dogs and birds,
and the will of Zeus was moving toward its end.
- Rage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,
- mênin áeide theà Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos
- μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος
- A disembodied spirit, a shade or ghost (the spirit of a dead person).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.362–24.2:
- αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμ’ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι
ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, οὓς ἔκτανον ἐν μεγάροισιν.
⁂
Ἑρμῆς δὲ ψυχὰς Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο
ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: […]- autíka gàr phátis eîsin hám’ ēelíōi aniónti
andrôn mnēstḗrōn, hoùs éktanon en megároisin.
⁂
Hermês dè psukhàs Kullḗnios exekaleîto
andrôn mnēstḗrōn: […]
- 1996 translation by Robert Fagles
- [Go] quick as the rising sun the news will spread
of the suitors that I killed inside the house.
⁂
Now Cyllenian Hermes called away the suitors’ ghosts, […]
- [Go] quick as the rising sun the news will spread
- autíka gàr phátis eîsin hám’ ēelíōi aniónti
- αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμ’ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι
- Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart.
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 53–55:
- Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ’ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ’ ἀνὴρ
τὰν πυροφόρον Λιβύαν, κρανίοις ὄφρα ξένων ναὸν Ποσειδάωνος ἐρέφοντα σχέθοι,
υἱὸς Ἀλκμήνας- Thēbân apò Kadmeïân morphàn brakhús, psukhàn d’ ákamptos, prospalaísōn êlth’ anḕr
tàn purophóron Libúan, kraníois óphra xénōn naòn Poseidáōnos eréphonta skhéthoi,
huiòs Alkmḗnas
- 1990 translation by Diane Svarlien
- And yet once there went from Thebes, Cadmus’ city, a hero short in stature but unflinching in spirit. This hero went to the house of Antaeus in grain-bearing Libya, to keep him from roofing Poseidon's temple with the skulls of strangers, Alcmena's son.
- Thēbân apò Kadmeïân morphàn brakhús, psukhàn d’ ákamptos, prospalaísōn êlth’ anḕr
- Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ’ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ’ ἀνὴρ
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 11.1:
- ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον.
- ḕn dé tis ára boulēthêi kaì pompikôi kaì meteṓrōi kaì lamprôi híppōi khrḗsasthai, ou mála mèn tà toiaûta ek pantòs híppou gígnetai, allà deî hupárxai autôi kaì tḕn psukhḕn megalóphrona kaì tò sôma eúrōston.
- c. 1898 translation by Henry Graham Dakyns
- If, however, the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state processions, a high stepper and a showy animal, these are qualities not to be found combined in every horse, but to begin with, the animal must have high spirit and a stalwart body.
- ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον.
- (philosophy, after Plato) The spirit of the universe, the immaterial principle of movement and life.
- 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 34b:
- ψυχὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ θεὶς διὰ παντός τε ἔτεινεν καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτῇ περιεκάλυψεν, […]
- psukhḕn dè eis tò méson autoû theìs dià pantós te éteinen kaì éti éxōthen tò sôma autêi periekálupsen, […]
- 1925 translation by W. R. M. Lamb
- And in the midst thereof He set Soul, which He stretched throughout the whole of it, and therewith He enveloped also the exterior of its body; […]
- ψυχὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ θεὶς διὰ παντός τε ἔτεινεν καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτῇ περιεκάλυψεν, […]
- The mind (seat or organ of thought), (the faculty of) reason.
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Economics 6.16:
- ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψυχάς.
- all’ ouk ára eîkhen hoútōs, all’ eníous edókoun katamanthánein tôn kalôn tàs morphàs pánu mokhthēroùs óntas tàs psukhás.
- 1979 translation by E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd and William Heinemann
- But after all, it was not so: I thought I discovered that some who were beautiful to look at were thoroughly depraved in their minds.
- ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψυχάς.
- (rare, extended from the meaning ‘soul’) Butterfly.
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.19:
- Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι ψυχαὶ ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην.
- Gínontai d’ hai mèn kaloúmenai psukhaì ek tôn kampôn, haì gínontai epì tôn phúllōn tôn khlōrôn, kaì málista epì tês rhaphánou, hḕn kaloûsí tines krámbēn.
- Those arise — those which one calls butterflies (psukhai) — out of those caterpillars which arise on leaves of green, especially on the [leaves] of the cabbage-plant (raphanos), which some call cabbage (krambē).
- Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι ψυχαὶ ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην.
Declension
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ἡ ψῡχή hē psūkhḗ |
τὼ ψῡχᾱ́ tṑ psūkhā́ |
αἱ ψῡχαί hai psūkhaí | ||||||||||
Genitive | τῆς ψῡχῆς tês psūkhês |
τοῖν ψῡχαῖν toîn psūkhaîn |
τῶν ψῡχῶν tôn psūkhôn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῇ ψῡχῇ têi psūkhêi |
τοῖν ψῡχαῖν toîn psūkhaîn |
ταῖς ψῡχαῖς taîs psūkhaîs | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὴν ψῡχήν tḕn psūkhḗn |
τὼ ψῡχᾱ́ tṑ psūkhā́ |
τᾱ̀ς ψῡχᾱ́ς tā̀s psūkhā́s | ||||||||||
Vocative | ψῡχή psūkhḗ |
ψῡχᾱ́ psūkhā́ |
ψῡχαί psūkhaí | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Quotations
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 37–39:
- παῦροι δὲ βουλεῦσαι φόνου
παρποδίου νεφέλαν τρέψαι ποτὶ
δυσμενέων ἀνδρῶν στίχας
χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί- paûroi dè bouleûsai phónou
parpodíou nephélan trépsai potì
dusmenéōn andrôn stíkhas
khersì kaì psukhâi dunatoí
- paûroi dè bouleûsai phónou
- cited by Liddell and Scott as an example of ψυχή meaning “the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections”
- Dawson Turner’s prose translation (1852):
- But few are able to counsel how with hands and soul to turn the cloud of war that is upon them upon the ranks of the enemies.
- Abraham Moore’s metrical translation (1852):
- Few are the fiery souls that know,
When war’s fierce tempest heaviest falls,
Back on th’ assailant’s arms and wavering ranks
With hand and heart to turn
The wasteful wreck.
- Few are the fiery souls that know,
- Diane Svarlien’s translation (1990):
- But few are able to conspire with hand and heart to turn back against the ranks of the enemy the cloud of slaughter that presses close upon them.
- παῦροι δὲ βουλεῦσαι φόνου
- (text according to Stephanus [1550], Westcott-Hort [1881] and Scrivener [1894])
Derived terms
- ἐλευθερόψῡχος (eleutherópsūkhos)
- εὔψυχος (eúpsukhos)
- ψῡχικός (psūkhikós)
- ψυχοπομπός (psukhopompós)
- ψῡχοτρόφος (psūkhotróphos)
Descendants
- Greek: ψυχή (psychí)
- → Coptic: ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psukhē)
- → Latin: psychē
- → Catalan: psique
- → Czech: psýcha
- → Danish: psyke
- → Dutch: psyche
- → English: psyche
- → Esperanto: psiko
- → Finnish: psyyke
- → French: psyché
- → German: Psyche
- → Italian: psiche
- → Occitan: psiquè
- → Portuguese: psique
- → Serbo-Croatian: psiha, пси̏ха
- → Sicilian: psichi
- → Spanish: psique, psiquis
- → Swedish: psyke
- → Translingual: psycho-
- → Yiddish: פּסיכע (psikhe)
- → Bulgarian: психика (psihika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)
- → Georgian: ფსიქიკა (psikiḳa) (via Greek ψῡχικός)
- → Irish: síci- (via Greek ψῡχικός)
- → Polish: psychika (via Greek ψῡχικός)
- → Romanian: psihic (via Greek ψῡχικός)
- → Russian: психика (psixika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)
References
- “ψυχή”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ψυχή”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- animation idem, page 30.
- being idem, page 72.
- bosom idem, page 90.
- breast idem, page 96.
- consciousness idem, page 162.
- heart idem, page 392.
- life idem, page 489.
- mind idem, page 530.
- nerve idem, page 556.
- reins idem, page 688.
- soul idem, page 796.
- spirit idem, page 802.
- vital idem, page 955.
- vitality idem, page 955.
- ψυχή in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- ψυχή in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- “ψυχή”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ψυχή in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
- G5590 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- 2006, Steven Paul, The Apocalypse Letter by Letter: A Literary Analysis of the Book of Revelation, page 281 (discussing Revelation 8:9): “The literal meaning of the noun ‘ψυχή’ [psykhë, or psyche] is ‘breath’; hence, like ‘πνεῦμα’ [pneuma], it can also mean ‘spirit, soul, mind.’"
- Leon Marvell (2007) “the psyche (the term derives from ψυχη, the breath, and ψυχειν, to breathe)”, in Transfigured light: philosophy, cybernetics and the hermetic imaginary (in Ancient Greek), →ISBN, page 128
Greek
Etymology
Inherited from Ancient Greek ψυχή.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /psiˈçi/
Audio: (file) - with article, feminine singular accusative την (tin): IPA(key): /tim‿bziˈçi/
- Hyphenation: ψυ‧χή
Noun
ψυχή • (psychí) f (plural ψυχές)
- (religion, folklore, also figurative) soul, spirit (essence of a person (or place or thing figuratively) usually thought to consist of one's thoughts and personality)
- Ο Θεός να αναπαύσει την ψυχή της. ― O Theós na anapáfsei tin psychí tis. ― God rest her soul.
- Το σώμα είναι η κιβωτός της ψυχής. ― To sóma eínai i kivotós tis psychís. ― The body is the vessel of the soul.
- Στον δρόμο δεν υπήρχε ψυχή τέτοια ώρα. ― Ston drómo den ypírche psychí tétoia óra. ― There wasn't a soul to be seen on the road at that hour.
- η ψυχή της Ελλάδας ― i psychí tis Elládas ― the soul of Greece
- (figuratively) courage, bravery, valour (quality of a confident character not to be afraid or intimidated easily)
- (entomology) butterfly
- Synonym: πεταλούδα (petaloúda)
- (music) sound post (of a string instrument, e.g. the violin)
Declension
Declension of ψυχή
Derived terms
expressions
- άβυσσος η ψυχή του ανθρώπου (ávyssos i psychí tou anthrópou, “there's nowt so queer as folk”) (literally: "an abyss [is] the soul of man")
- εν βρασμώ ψυχής (en vrasmó psychís)
- μια ψυχή που είναι να βγει (mia psychí pou eínai na vgei)
- πήγε η ψυχή μου στην Κούλουρη (píge i psychí mou stin Koúlouri)
- ψυχή τε και σώματι (psychí te kai sómati)
Related terms
- αναψυχή f (anapsychí, “recreation, entertainment”)
- αναψυχώνω (anapsychóno, “reanimate; give courage”)
- αψυχολόγητος (apsychológitos)
- άψυχος (ápsychos, “lifeless; spiritless”)
- γενναιόψυχος (gennaiópsychos)
- έμψυχος (émpsychos, “animate”)
- εμψυχώνω (empsychóno, “give courage”) & related words
- εφτάψυχος (eftápsychos)
- κακόψυχος (kakópsychos)
- καλόψυχος (kalópsychos)
- λιγόψυχος (ligópsychos)
- λιπόψυχος (lipópsychos)
- μεγαλόψυχος (megalópsychos, “magnanimous”)
- μετεμψύχωση f (metempsýchosi, “transmigration, metempsychosis”)
- μικρόψυχος (mikrópsychos, “mean-spirited”)
- ολόψυχα (olópsycha, adverb)
- ολόψυχος (olópsychos, “wholehearted”)
- ομοψυχία f (omopsychía)
- ομόψυχος (omópsychos)
- πονόψυχος (ponópsychos)
- ψυχαγωγία f (psychagogía, “entertainment”) & related words
- ψυχάκι n (psycháki, diminutive)
- ψυχάρα f (psychára, augmentative)
- ψυχικά (psychiká, adverb)
- ψυχικό n (psychikó)
- ψυχικός (psychikós, “of the soul”)
- ψυχισμός m (psychismós)
- ψυχούλα f (psychoúla, diminutive)
- ψυχούδι n (psychoúdi) (idiomatic)
- ψυχωμένος (psychoménos, participle)
- ψύχωση f (psýchosi, “psychosis”) & compounds
- ψυχωσικός (psychosikós)
- ψυχωτικός (psychotikós, “psychotic”)
- ξεψυχάω (xepsycháo, “die”) / ξεψυχώ (xepsychó)
- ξεψυχισμένος (xepsychisménos, “faint, toneless”, participle)
and ψυχο- (psycho-, “psycho-”) like ψυχαγωγία f (psychagogía, “entertainment”), ψυχιατρική f (psychiatrikí, “psychiatry”), ψυχολογία f (psychología, “psychology”)
Further reading
- “ψυχή”, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998
- ψυχή on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el
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