ἱδρώς

See also: ἴδρως

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ἴδρως f (ídrōs) — Aeolic
• ἱδρώτας m (hidrṓtas) — Byzantine

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *hwidrṓts, from Proto-Indo-European *swidrṓts, from *sweyd- (“to sweat”) (whence also ἰδίω (idíō), ἶδος (îdos)). Cognate with Old Armenian քիրտն (kʻirtn), Latvian sviedri, Albanian djersë.

Pronunciation

(Epic)

 

• IPA^(key): /hiː.drɔ̌ːs/ → /iˈðros/ → /iˈðros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hiː.drɔ̌ːs/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)iˈdros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/

(Lyric)

 

• IPA^(key): /hi.drɔ̌ːs/ → /iˈðros/ → /iˈðros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hi.drɔ̌ːs/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)iˈdros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈðros/

Noun

ῑ̆̔δρώς • (hīdrṓs) m (genitive ῑ̆̔δρῶτος); third declension

1. sweat, perspiration

   Synonym: ἶδος n (îdos)

   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 350d:

     μετὰ ἱδρῶτος

     metà hidrôtos

   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.599:

     κατὰ δ’ ἱ. ἔρρεεν ἐκ μελέων

     katà d’ hi. érrheen ek meléōn

   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 767:

     ἱ. ἀνῄει χρωτί

     hi. anḗiei khrōtí

   • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Coriolanus 3:

     ῥέεσθαι ἱδρῶτι

     rhéesthai hidrôti

   • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Works and Days 289, (of sweat as the sign of toil):

     τῆς ἀρετῆς ἱδρῶτα θεοὶ προπάροιθεν ἔθηκαν

     tês aretês hidrôta theoì propároithen éthēkan

   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.1.29:

     ἱδρῶτα παρέχειν

     hidrôta parékhein

   • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Aphorisms 4.36
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Problems 867a.13
   • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 239c, (opposed to the effect of baths):

     ἱδρῶτες ξηροί

     hidrôtes xēroí

   • C.E. 80–110, Textus Receptus, Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Λουκᾶν 22.44
2. exudation or distillation from trees, gum, resin, sap

   Synonyms: δάκρῠ n (dákru), στᾰλαγμός m (stalagmós)

   • 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 1175:

     σμύρνης

     smúrnēs

   • Ion Trag., 40 :

     δρυός

     druós

   • 408 BCE – 334 BCE, Antiphanes Comicus, Collected Works 52.12, (of wine):

     Βρομιάδος ἱδρῶτα πηγῆς

     Bromiádos hidrôta pēgês

3. juice, moisture
4. anything earned by the sweat of one's brow
   • 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 750:

     οὐ γὰρ τὸν ἐμὸν ἱδρῶτα…ἐκβαλῶ

     ou gàr tòn emòn hidrôta…ekbalô

   • Chor. 270.B.

Declension

Third declension of ὁ ἱδρώς; τοῦ ἱδρῶτος (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ἱδρώς ho hidrṓs	τὼ ἱδρῶτε tṑ hidrôte	οἱ ἱδρῶτες hoi hidrôtes
Genitive	τοῦ ἱδρῶτος toû hidrôtos	τοῖν ἱδρώτοιν toîn hidrṓtoin	τῶν ἱδρώτων tôn hidrṓtōn
Dative	τῷ ἱδρῶτι / ἱδρῷ tôi hidrôti / hidrôi	τοῖν ἱδρώτοιν toîn hidrṓtoin	τοῖς ἱδρῶσῐ / ἱδρῶσῐν toîs hidrôsi(n)
Accusative	τὸν ἱδρῶτᾰ tòn hidrôta	τὼ ἱδρῶτε tṑ hidrôte	τοὺς ἱδρῶτᾰς toùs hidrôtas
Vocative	ἱδρώς hidrṓs	ἱδρῶτε hidrôte	ἱδρῶτες hidrôtes
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. Nominative singular -ς (-s) arose by reduction of the original cluster *-ts.

Derived terms

• στᾱ́ζω ἱδρῶτῐ (stā́zō hidrôti)

Descendants

• Greek: ιδρώτας (idrótas)

Further reading

• “ἱδρώς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἱδρώς”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἱδρώς”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἱδρώς in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• ἱδρώς in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• G2402 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • exudation idem, page 298.
  • gum idem, page 379.
  • perspiration idem, page 608.
  • sweat idem, page 847.
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
• “ἱδρώς”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011