Appendix:Greek pronunciation

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Vowels

  IPA IPA used elsewhere Articulation Examples Notes
α a ä low central αγορά [aɣoˈɾa], άνω [ˈano]  
ο
ω 		o o̞ or ɔ mid back ομάδα [oˈmaða]
πάνω [ˈpano], ωμέγα [oˈmeɣa] 		 
ου u high back πουλί [puˈli], φούστα [ˈfusta]  
ε
αι 		e e̞ or ɛ mid front πεθερά [peθeˈɾa], μέλι [ˈmeli]
αιτία [eˈtia], παιδί [peˈði] 		 
ι
η
υ
ει
οι
υι 		i high front βιβλίο [viˈvlio], παιδί [peˈði]
μητέρα [miˈteɾa], νίκη [ˈnici]
γλυκό [ɣliˈko]
κλειδί [kliˈði]

κοινός [ciˈnos]
υιός [iˈos]

  1. When not followed by a vowel(e.g. μικρός [miˈkros]
  2. When stressed (e.g. δουλεία [ðuˈli.a])
  3. In words of learned origin (e.g. ποιόν [piˈon])
  4. When preceded by consonant + [ɾ] (e.g. μητριά [mi.tɾiˈa])
ι
η
υ
οι
ει 		ʝ j καράβια [kaˈɾavʝa], παιδιά [peˈðʝa], μαγειρειό [maʝiˈɾʝo] only with unstressed [i] after β, δ, ζ, ρ and before a vowel
ç φωτιά [foˈtça], ελάφια [eˈlafça], καλάθια [kaˈlaθça], ίσιος [ˈisços], πιο [pço], ποιος [pços] only with unstressed [i] after θ, π, σ, τ, φ and before a vowel
ɲ μια [mɲa], μυαλό [mɲaˈlo] only with unstressed [i] after μ and before a vowel
αυ af αυτός [afˈtos], ταυ [taf] before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)[1] and word-final
αυ av αυγή [avˈʝi], μαύρος [ˈmavɾos] before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)[1]
ευ ef ευχαριστώ [efxaɾiˈsto] before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)[1] and word-final
ευ ev ευαγγέλιο [evaŋˈɟelio] before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)[1]
ευ e Εύβοια [ˈevia], ευφημισμός [efimiˈzmos] before β, φ
ηυ if επηυξημένος [epifksiˈmenos] before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ) and word-final
ηυ iv απηύδησα [aˈpivðisa] before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)

Consonants

  IPA IPA used elsewhere Articulation Examples Notes
β v Voiced labiodental fricative βουλή [vuˈli], σοβαρός [sovaˈɾos], συμβουλή [siɱvuˈli], βόδι [ˈvoði], βόρεια [ˈvoɾia]  
γ ɣ Voiced velar fricative γάμος [ˈɣamos], αγάπη [aˈɣapi], αγόρι [aˈɣoɾi], γάτα [ˈɣata] before [a] [o] [u]
ʝ j Voiced palatal fricative για [ʝa], γένος [ˈʝenos], Γεώργιος [ʝeˈoɾʝios], γυαλί [ʝaˈli] before ι, η, υ, οι, ει and [e]
δ ð Voiced dental fricative (interdental) δώρο [ˈðoɾo], παιδί [peˈði], δάχτυλο [ˈðaxtilo], ενδιαφέρον [enðiaˈfeɾon]  
ζ z z̺ Voiced alveolar fricative ζωή [zoˈi], ζήλια [ˈziʎa], χαζός [xaˈzos], ζάχαρη [ˈzaxaɾi]  
θ θ Voiceless dental fricative (interdental) θάλασσα [ˈθalasa], άνθος [ˈanθos], θέμα [ˈθema]  
κ k Voiceless velar plosive κόρη [ˈkoɾi], σύκα [ˈsika] before [a] [o] [u]
c Voiceless palatal plosive κήπος [ˈcipos], πακέτο [paˈceto] before ι, η, υ, ει, οι and [e]
λ l Dental lateral approximant λάθος [ˈlaθos], καλό [kaˈlo], λεμόνι [lemoni], πάλι [ˈpali] ʎ before [i] in some dialects, idiolects
ʎ Palatal lateral approximant κιάλια [ˈcaʎa] [li]+vowel with [i] unstressed
μ m Bilabial nasal μόνος [ˈmonos], χώμα [ˈxoma]  
ɱ Labiodental nasal συμφωνία [siɱfoˈnia], έμφαση [ˈeɱfasi] before β, φ (labial/labiodental fricatives)
ν n Dental nasal νονός [noˈnos], ένας [ˈenas], άνω [ˈano], νύχτα [ˈnixta], άνοιξη [ˈaniksi] ɲ before [i] in some dialects and idiolects
ɲ Palatal nasal νοιάζομαι [ˈɲazome], πανιά [paˈɲa] [ni]+vowel with [i] unstressed
ŋ Velar nasal πανκ [ˈpaŋk], Χέμινγουεϊ [ˈçemiŋɣuˈei] before velar and palatal consonants
ξ ks Voiceless velar plosive and Voiceless alveolar fricative ξένος [ˈksenos]  
π p Voiceless bilabial plosive πόδι [ˈpoði], κάπου [ˈkapu], παπάς [paˈpas], πέντε [ˈpende]  
ρ ɾ r Alveolar flap ροδιά [ɾoˈðʝa], ψάρι [ˈpsaɾi], πάρα [ˈpaɾa], ρετσίνα [ɾeˈʦina] replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ)  
σ/ς s Voiceless alveolar fricative σώμα [ˈsoma], δάσος [ˈðasos], βάση [ˈvasi], σαλάτα [saˈlata]  
σ z Voiced alveolar fricative Λέσβος [ˈlezvos], Πελασγός [pelaˈzɣos], Έσδρας [ˈezðɾas], κόσμος [ˈkozmos] before [v] [ɣ] [ʝ] [ð] [z] [m] invalid IPA characters (][][][][][)
τ t Voiceless dental plosive

Voiceless alveolar plosive

τέλος [ˈtelos], ποτό [poˈto], μητέρα [miˈteɾa]  
φ f Voiceless labiodental fricative φόρος [ˈfoɾos], νέφος [ˈnefos], φούστα [ˈfusta]  
χ x Voiceless velar fricative χαρά [xaˈɾa], βήχας [ˈvixas], άγχος [ˈaŋxos], χάνω [ˈxano], χρόνος [ˈxɾonos] before [a], [o], [u]
ç Voiceless palatal fricative χιόνι [ˈçoni], βροχή [vɾoˈçi], χέρι [ˈçeɾi] before ι, η, υ, ει, οι, [e]
ψ ps Voiceless bilabial plosive and Voiceless alveolar fricative ψωμί [psoˈmi]  

Grouped consonants

  IPA IPA used elsewhere Articulation Examples Notes
τσ
τς 		ʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) Voiceless alveolar affricate τσέπη [ˈʦepi] replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ), παπούτσι [paˈpuʦi] replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ)  
τζ ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) Voiced alveolar affricate τζάμι [ˈʣami] replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ), παντζάρι [panˈʣaɾi] replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ)  
μπ b Voiced bilabial plosive μπότα [ˈbota], μπύρα [ˈbiɾa] initial position
mb Prenasalized Voiced bilabial plosive καμπάνα [kamˈbana] medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciations: mb invalid IPA characters (<></>), b
b Voiced bilabial plosive μπουμπούκι [buˈbuci] medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
mp Prenasalized Voiceless bilabial plosive κομπιούτερ [komˈpçuteɾ] with borrowed words
μπτ mt or mpt Πέμπτη [ˈpemti] or [ˈpempti]  
ντ d Voiced dental plosive ντουλάπα [duˈlapa], ντάμα [ˈdama], ντομάτα [doˈmata] initial position
nd Prenasalized Voiced dental plosive πέντε [ˈpende], έντομο [ˈendomo] medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciation: nd invalid IPA characters (<></>), d
d Voiced dental plosive ντουντούκα [duˈduka] medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
nt Prenasalized Voiceless dental plosive αντένα [anˈtena] with borrowed words
ντσ
ντς 		nʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) Prenasalized Voiceless alveolar affricate    
ντζ nʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) Prenasalized Voiced alveolar affricate    
γκ ɡ Voiced velar plosive γκρίνια [ˈɡɾiɲa], γκάζι [ˈɡazi] initial position, before [a], [o], [u]
ɟ Voiced palatal plosive γκιόνης [ˈɟonis] initial position, before ι, η, υ, οι, ει, [e]
ŋɡ Prenasalized Voiced velar plosive αγκώνας [aŋˈɡonas] medial position
ŋɟ Prenasalized Voiced palatal plosive ανάγκη [aˈnaŋɟi] medial position
γκτ ŋkt ελεγκτής [eleˈŋktis]  
γγ ŋɡ Prenasalized Voiced velar plosive αγγλικός [aŋɡlikos] alternate pronunciation: ŋɡ invalid IPA characters (<></>), ɡ
ŋɟ Prenasalized Voiced palatal plosive άγγελος [ˈaŋɟelos] before ι, η, υ, ει, οι, [e]; alternate pronunciation: ŋɟ invalid IPA characters (<></>), ɟ
ŋɣ Prenasalized Voiced velar fricative έγγραφο [ˈeŋɣɾafo]  
ŋʝ ŋj Prenasalized Voiced palatal fricative εγγεγραμμένος [eŋʝeɣɾaˈmenos] before [i] and [e]
γχ ŋx Prenasalized Voiceless velar fricative άγχος [ˈaŋxos]  
ŋç Prenasalized Voiceless palatal fricative αγχίνοια [aŋˈçinia] before [i] and [e]
γξ ŋks Σφιγξ [sfiŋks]  

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language. London: Routledge.

Suggested sources

The main sources of the values above were:

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