芥: difference between revisions
WindowsWorld (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
|||
Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
===Kanji=== |
===Kanji=== |
||
{{ja-kanji|grade=|rs=艸04}} |
{{ja-kanji|grade=n|rs=艸04}} |
||
# [[mustard]] |
# [[mustard]] |
Revision as of 09:51, 11 February 2023
|
Translingual
Han character
芥 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 7 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 廿人中中 (TOLL) or 難廿人中中 (XTOLL), four-corner 44228, composition ⿱艹介)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1019, character 31
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30715
- Dae Jaweon: page 1477, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3182, character 6
- Unihan data for U+82A5
Chinese
trad. | 芥 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 芥 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 芥 | |
---|---|
Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Qin slip script | Small seal script |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kreːds) : semantic 艸 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds) – a type of plant.
Etymology
The meaning "mustard green" is attested earliest in the Book of Rites; "small grass" in Zuo zhuan (Ai 1).
Schuessler (2007) compares it to Middle Korean 갓 (kas), Proto-Tai *katᴰ (> Thai กาด (gàat), Lao ກາດ (kāt), Shan ၵၢတ်ႇ (kàat)), Proto-Vietic *kaːs (> Vietnamese cải, Muong cái, ^ Thavung kajh¹). However, all those foreign items might have been loaned from Late Old Chinese or Eastern Han Chinese (as proposed by Pittayaporn for *katᴰ),
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiai4
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): gai4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jie3
- Northern Min (KCR): guo̿i
- Eastern Min (BUC): gái
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 1ka
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gai4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiè
- Wade–Giles: chieh4
- Yale: jyè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jieh
- Palladius: цзе (cze)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄞˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gài
- Wade–Giles: kai4
- Yale: gài
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gay
- Palladius: гай (gaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jiai4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giai
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiɛi²¹³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gaai3
- Yale: gaai
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaai3
- Guangdong Romanization: gai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːi̯³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: gai1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kai³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kai³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kie
- Hakka Romanization System: gie
- Hagfa Pinyim: gie4
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯e⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jie3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: guo̿i
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuɛ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gái
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɑi²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- kòa, kè - vernacular;
- kài - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gai3 / kah4
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kài / khah
- Sinological IPA (key): /kai²¹³/, /kʰaʔ²/
- gai3 - literary;
- kah4 - vernacular (limited).
- Middle Chinese: keajH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤr[e][t]-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kreːds/
Definitions
- mustard greens (Brassica juncea)
- 膾:春用蔥,秋用芥。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Kuài: chūn yòng cōng, qiū yòng jiè. [Pinyin]
- Mince was made in spring, with onions; in autumn, with the mustard plant.
脍:春用葱,秋用芥。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) small grass
- 臣聞:「國之興也,視民如傷,是其福也。其亡也,以民為土芥,是其禍也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Chén wén: “Guó zhī xìng yě, shì mín rú shāng, shì qí fú yě. Qí wáng yě, yǐ mín wèi tǔjiè, shì qí huò yě.” [Pinyin]
- I have heard that States flourish when they regard their people as if apprehensive of their receiving hurt:;`——that brings prosperity. States again perish when they treat their people as earth or grass; —that brings calamity.
臣闻:「国之兴也,视民如伤,是其福也。其亡也,以民为土芥,是其祸也。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 君之視臣如土芥,則臣視君如寇讎 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- jūn zhī shì chén rú tǔjiè, zé chén shì jūn rú kòuchóu [Pinyin]
- When the prince regards his ministers as earth or as grass, they regard him as a robber and an enemy.
君之视臣如土芥,则臣视君如寇雠 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 覆杯水於坳堂之上,則芥為之舟。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Fù bēi shuǐ yú àotáng zhī shàng, zé jiè wéi zhī zhōu. [Pinyin]
- Tip water from a cup into a cavity, and a leaf of grass will float on it like were a boat.
覆杯水于坳堂之上,则芥为之舟。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary, figurative) triviality
Compounds
Lua error in Module:zh/templates at line 32: This template has been deprecated. Please use Template:col3 instead.
Descendants
- → Proto-Tai: *kaːtᴰ (“mustard greens”)
Japanese
Kanji
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)
Readings
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
芥 |
からし Jinmeiyō |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 芥 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 芥, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
芥 |
あくた Jinmeiyō |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 芥 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 芥, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
芥 |
ごみ Jinmeiyō |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 芥 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 芥, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Korean
Hanja
芥 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Sichuanese lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Gan lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Xiang lemmas
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Sichuanese nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Taishanese nouns
- Gan nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Jin nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Wu nouns
- Xiang nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese Han characters
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese literary terms
- Japanese Han characters
- Kanji used for names
- Japanese kanji with goon reading け
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading かい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading あくた
- Japanese kanji with kun reading からし
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ごみ
- Japanese terms spelled with 芥
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese terms spelled with jinmeiyō kanji
- Japanese terms written with one Han script character
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Korean lemmas
- Korean Han characters
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters