Wiktionary:Ancient Greek transliteration: difference between revisions
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!Byzan. IPA |
!Byzan. IPA |
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!Cont. IPA |
!Cont. IPA |
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!before {{ |
!before {{lang|grc|αι ε ει ευ η ῃ ηυ ι οι υ υι}} |
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!Notes |
!Notes |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Α α}} |
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|<tt>A Ā a ā</tt> |
|<tt>A Ā a ā</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[a/aː]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[a/aː]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[a]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[a]}} |
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|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[a]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[a]}} |
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|In Classical polytonic, the length distinction of {{ |
|In Classical polytonic, the length distinction of {{lang|grc|ᾰ}} ({{IPAchar|[a]}}) and {{lang|grc|ᾱ}} ({{IPAchar|[aː]}}) is not indicated usually in writing nor in transcription. However, if {{lang|grc|ᾱ}} ''needs'' to be transcribed, <tt>ā</tt> suffices. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Β β}} |
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|<tt>B b</tt> |
|<tt>B b</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[b]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[b]}} |
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|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Γ γ}} |
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|<tt>G g</tt> |
|<tt>G g</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɡ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡ]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Δ δ}} |
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|<tt>D d</tt> |
|<tt>D d</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[d]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[d]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ε ε}} |
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|<tt>E e</tt> |
|<tt>E e</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[e]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[e]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ϝ ϝ}} |
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|<tt>W w</tt> |
|<tt>W w</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[w]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[w]}} |
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|colspan="4"|''N\A'' |
|colspan="4"|''N\A'' |
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|Not native to Attic-Ionic (lost in pre-classical times). If pronounced {{IPAchar|[w]}}, Classical Attic kept it silent and Koine adapted it as {{ |
|Not native to Attic-Ionic (lost in pre-classical times). If pronounced {{IPAchar|[w]}}, Classical Attic kept it silent and Koine adapted it as {{lang|grc|ου}}. If pronounced {{IPAchar|[β~v]}}, both Classical Attic and Koine adapted it as {{lang|grc|β}}. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ζ ζ}} |
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|<tt>Z z</tt> |
|<tt>Z z</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[zd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[zd]}} |
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|Was metrically considered an interchangeably single or double consonant in Koine (typically double between vowels). |
|Was metrically considered an interchangeably single or double consonant in Koine (typically double between vowels). |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Η η}} |
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|<tt>Ē ē</tt> |
|<tt>Ē ē</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɛː]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɛː]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|Finishes merging with {{ |
|Finishes merging with {{lang|grc|ι/ϊ}} in Byzantine. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Θ θ}} |
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|<tt>Th th</tt> |
|<tt>Th th</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[tʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[tʰ]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ι ι ϊ}} |
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|<tt>I Ī i ī ï</tt> |
|<tt>I Ī i ī ï</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[i/iː]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i/iː]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|In Classical polytonic, the length distinction of {{ |
|In Classical polytonic, the length distinction of {{lang|grc|ῐ}} ({{IPAchar|[i]}}) and {{lang|grc|ῑ}} ({{IPAchar|[iː]}}) is not indicated usually in writing nor in transcription. However, if {{lang|grc|ῑ}} ''needs'' to be transcribed, <tt>ī</tt> suffices. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Κ κ}} |
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|<tt>K k</tt> |
|<tt>K k</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[k]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[k]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Λ λ}} |
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|<tt>L l</tt> |
|<tt>L l</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[l]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[l]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Μ μ}} |
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|<tt>M m</tt> |
|<tt>M m</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[m]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[m]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ν ν}} |
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|<tt>N n</tt> |
|<tt>N n</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[n]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[n]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ξ ξ}} |
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|<tt>Ks ks</tt> |
|<tt>Ks ks</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[kʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kʰs]}} |
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|See digraph exceptions further down. |
|See digraph exceptions further down. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ο ο}} |
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|<tt>O o</tt> |
|<tt>O o</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Π π}} |
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|<tt>P p</tt> |
|<tt>P p</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[p]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[p]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ρ ρ}} |
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|<tt>Rh rh r</tt> |
|<tt>Rh rh r</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[hr/r]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[hr/r]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[r]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[r]}} |
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|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ɾ]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ɾ]}} |
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|Normal {{ |
|Normal {{lang|grc|ρ}} is {{IPAchar|[r]}} and transcribed <tt>r</tt>. In Classical, {{lang|grc|ῥ}} is voiceless {{IPAchar|[hr]}} and transcribed <tt>rh</tt>, and {{lang|grc|ρρ}} or {{lang|grc|ῤῥ}} is voiceless {{IPAchar|[rhr]}} and transcribed <tt>rrh</tt>. Koine {{lang|grc|ῥ}} is {{IPAchar|[(h)r]}}, and {{lang|grc|ῤῥ}} is {{IPAchar|[r(h)r]}}. All are voiced {{IPAchar|[r]}} in Byzantine onward, except in [[Atticist]] writings. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Σ σ ς}} |
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|<tt>S s</tt> |
|<tt>S s</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[s]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[s]}} |
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|See digraph exceptions further down. |
|See digraph exceptions further down. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Τ τ}} |
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|<tt>T t</tt> |
|<tt>T t</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[t]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[t]}} |
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|See diagraph exceptions further down. |
|See diagraph exceptions further down. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Υ υ ϋ}} |
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|<tt>Hu Hū hu hū u ū ü</tt> |
|<tt>Hu Hū hu hū u ū ü</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ʉ/ʉː]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ʉ/ʉː]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[y]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[y]}} |
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|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|Originally not a front vowel, the influential Athens dialect articulates it as {{IPAchar|[y/yː]}} earlier on. Merges with {{ |
|Originally not a front vowel, the influential Athens dialect articulates it as {{IPAchar|[y/yː]}} earlier on. Merges with {{lang|grc|ι}} in 10th century Byzantine Greek, but merges with {{lang|grc|ου}} in the Old Athenian dialect until it becomes extinct in the 20th century. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Φ φ}} |
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|<tt>Ph ph</tt> |
|<tt>Ph ph</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[pʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[pʰ]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Χ χ}} |
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|<tt>Kh kh</tt> |
|<tt>Kh kh</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[kʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kʰ]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ψ ψ}} |
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|<tt>Ps ps</tt> |
|<tt>Ps ps</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[pʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[pʰs]}} |
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|See digraph exceptions further down. |
|See digraph exceptions further down. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ω ω}} |
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|<tt>Ō ō</tt> |
|<tt>Ō ō</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɔː]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɔː]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
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|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
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|Merges with {{ |
|Merges with {{lang|grc|ο}} late in Koine. |
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|} |
|} |
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!Notes |
!Notes |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Αι αι}} |
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|<tt>Ai ai</tt> |
|<tt>Ai ai</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[aɪ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[aɪ]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[e]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[e]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[e]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[e]}} |
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|Merges with {{ |
|Merges with {{lang|grc|ε}} in late Koine among the Hellenists and in Alexandria, and treated as an allophone of it from then on. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ᾼ ᾳ}} |
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|<tt>Āi āi</tt> |
|<tt>Āi āi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[aːj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[aːj]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[a]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[a]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[a]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[a]}} |
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|Classically spelt {{ |
|Classically spelt {{lang|grc|ΑΙ}}. In Koine, becomes collated simply as {{lang|grc|α}} as they merge. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Αυ αυ}} |
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|<tt>Au Āu au āu</tt> |
|<tt>Au Āu au āu</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[aʊ/aːʊ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[aʊ/aːʊ]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[av]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[av]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[av]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[av]}} |
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|See {{ |
|See {{lang|grc|αυ/ευ/ηυ}} exceptions further down. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ει ει}} |
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|<tt>Ei ei</tt> |
|<tt>Ei ei</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[eː]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eː]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|In the learned Koine pronunciation of the foreign Romans, {{ |
|In the learned Koine pronunciation of the foreign Romans, {{lang|grc|ει}} was typically an allophone of {{lang|grc|η}} immediately before other vowels, and an allophone of {{lang|grc|ι}} everywhere else. Alexandrians treated it as an allophone of {{lang|grc|ῑ}} in all circumstances, a trend that would become standard in Byzantine. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ευ ευ}} |
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|<tt>Eu eu</tt> |
|<tt>Eu eu</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[eʊ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊ]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[ev]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ev]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[ev]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ev]}} |
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|See {{ |
|See {{lang|grc|αυ/ευ/ηυ}} exceptions further down. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ῌ ῃ}} |
||
|<tt>Ēi ēi</tt> |
|<tt>Ēi ēi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɛːj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɛːj]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|Classically spelt {{ |
|Classically spelt {{lang|grc|ΗΙ}}. In Koine, becomes collated simply as {{lang|grc|η}} as they merge. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ηυ ηυ}} |
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|<tt>Ēu ēu</tt> |
|<tt>Ēu ēu</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɛːʊ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɛːʊ]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[iv]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[iv]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[iv]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[iv]}} |
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|See {{ |
|See {{lang|grc|αυ/ευ/ηυ}} exceptions further down. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Οι οι}} |
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|<tt>Oi oi</tt> |
|<tt>Oi oi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[oɪ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[oɪ]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[y]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[y]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
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|Merges together with {{ |
|Merges together with {{lang|grc|ῡ}} and {{lang|grc|υι}} in Koine, even earlier in Athens. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ου ου}} |
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|<tt>Ou ou</tt> |
|<tt>Ou ou</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[oː]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[oː]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[u]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[u]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[u]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[u]}} |
||
|Becomes {{IPAchar|[uː]}} earlier on in Athens, remaining an allophone of {{IPAchar|[oː]}} until {{ |
|Becomes {{IPAchar|[uː]}} earlier on in Athens, remaining an allophone of {{IPAchar|[oː]}} until {{lang|grc|ω}} fills that pronunciation. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Υι υι ϋι}} |
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|<tt>Hui hui ui üi</tt> |
|<tt>Hui hui ui üi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[yː]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[yː]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[y]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[y]}} |
||
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[i]}} |
||
|Merges with {{ |
|Merges with {{lang|grc|ῡ}} in Koine, and earlier on in Athens. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ῼ ῳ}} |
||
|<tt>Ōi ōi</tt> |
|<tt>Ōi ōi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɔːj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɔːj]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
||
|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[o]}} |
||
|Classically spelt {{ |
|Classically spelt {{lang|grc|ΩΙ}}. In Koine, becomes collated simply as {{lang|grc|ω}} as they merge. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Ωυ ωυ}} |
||
|<tt>Ōu ōu</tt> |
|<tt>Ōu ōu</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɔːy]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɔːy]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[oy]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[oy]}} |
||
|{{IPAchar|[oi]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[oi]}} |
||
|Non-Attic Greek diphthong (originally pronounced {{IPAchar|[ɔːʊ]}}), separated into two separate vowels, {{ |
|Non-Attic Greek diphthong (originally pronounced {{IPAchar|[ɔːʊ]}}), separated into two separate vowels, {{lang|grc|ωϋ}}, when loaned into Classical Attic onward. |
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|} |
|} |
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!Byzan. IPA |
!Byzan. IPA |
||
!Cont. IPA |
!Cont. IPA |
||
!before {{ |
!before {{lang|grc|αι ε ει ευ η ῃ ηυ ι οι υ υι}} |
||
!Notes |
!Notes |
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|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ββ}} |
||
|<tt>bb</tt> |
|<tt>bb</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[bb]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[bb]}} |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γγ}} |
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|<tt>ng</tt> |
|<tt>ng</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ŋɡ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋɡ]}} |
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|In Contemporary pronunciation, in numerous irregular cases, is pronounced {{IPAchar|[ŋɣ]}} and {{IPAchar|[ŋʝ]}} respectively. Please consult (and preferably cite) a reputable Modern Greek pronunciation source for each word concerned. |
|In Contemporary pronunciation, in numerous irregular cases, is pronounced {{IPAchar|[ŋɣ]}} and {{IPAchar|[ŋʝ]}} respectively. Please consult (and preferably cite) a reputable Modern Greek pronunciation source for each word concerned. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γκ}} |
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|<tt>nk</tt> |
|<tt>nk</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ŋk]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋk]}} |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γκτ}} |
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|<tt>nkt</tt> |
|<tt>nkt</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ŋkt]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋkt]}} |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γξ}} |
||
|<tt>nks</tt> |
|<tt>nks</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ŋkʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋkʰs]}} |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γχ}} |
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|<tt>nkh</tt> |
|<tt>nkh</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ŋkʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋkʰ]}} |
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|{{IPAchar|[ŋx]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋx]}} |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ŋç]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋç]}} |
||
|In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with {{ |
|In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with {{lang|grc|χ}} in common speech, later reintroduced under influence from Katharevousa. |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|δδ}} |
||
|<tt>dd</tt> |
|<tt>dd</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[dd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[dd]}} |
||
Line 401: | Line 401: | ||
| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κβ}} |
||
|<tt>kb</tt> |
|<tt>kb</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡb]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡb]}} |
||
Line 409: | Line 409: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κγ}} |
||
|<tt>kg</tt> |
|<tt>kg</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡɡ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡɡ]}} |
||
Line 418: | Line 418: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κδ}} |
||
|<tt>kd</tt> |
|<tt>kd</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡd]}} |
||
Line 426: | Line 426: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κζ}} |
||
|<tt>kz</tt> |
|<tt>kz</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzd]}} |
||
Line 434: | Line 434: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κθ}} |
||
|<tt>kth</tt> |
|<tt>kth</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[kʰtʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kʰtʰ]}} |
||
Line 442: | Line 442: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κκ}} |
||
|<tt>kk</tt> |
|<tt>kk</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[kk]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kk]}} |
||
Line 451: | Line 451: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κξ}} |
||
|<tt>kks</tt> |
|<tt>kks</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[kkʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kkʰs]}} |
||
Line 459: | Line 459: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κσ}} |
||
|<tt>ks</tt> |
|<tt>ks</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[kʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kʰs]}} |
||
Line 467: | Line 467: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κσμ}} |
||
|<tt>ksm</tt> |
|<tt>ksm</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzm]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzm]}} |
||
Line 475: | Line 475: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κφ}} |
||
|<tt>kph</tt> |
|<tt>kph</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[kʰpʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kʰpʰ]}} |
||
Line 483: | Line 483: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κχ}} |
||
|<tt>kkh</tt> |
|<tt>kkh</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[kkʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kkʰ]}} |
||
Line 492: | Line 492: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κψ}} |
||
|<tt>kps</tt> |
|<tt>kps</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[kʰpʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kʰpʰs]}} |
||
Line 500: | Line 500: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|λλ}} |
||
|<tt>ll</tt> |
|<tt>ll</tt> |
||
|{{unicode|[ll]}} |
|{{unicode|[ll]}} |
||
Line 508: | Line 508: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|μβ}} |
||
|<tt>mb</tt> |
|<tt>mb</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[mb]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[mb]}} |
||
Line 516: | Line 516: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|μμ}} |
||
|<tt>mm</tt> |
|<tt>mm</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[mm]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[mm]}} |
||
Line 524: | Line 524: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|μπ}} |
||
|<tt>mp</tt> |
|<tt>mp</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[mp]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[mp]}} |
||
Line 532: | Line 532: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|μπτ}} |
||
|<tt>mpt</tt> |
|<tt>mpt</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[mpt]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[mpt]}} |
||
Line 540: | Line 540: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|μφ}} |
||
|<tt>mph</tt> |
|<tt>mph</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[mpʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[mpʰ]}} |
||
Line 546: | Line 546: | ||
|{{IPAchar|[ ̃ɸ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ ̃ɸ]}} |
||
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ɱf]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ɱf]}} |
||
|In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with {{ |
|In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with {{lang|grc|φ}} in common speech, later reintroduced under influence from Katharevousa. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|μψ}} |
||
|<tt>mps</tt> |
|<tt>mps</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[mpʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[mpʰs]}} |
||
Line 556: | Line 556: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|νδ}} |
||
|<tt>nd</tt> |
|<tt>nd</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[nd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[nd]}} |
||
Line 564: | Line 564: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|νζ}} |
||
|<tt>nz</tt> |
|<tt>nz</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ːzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ːzd]}} |
||
Line 570: | Line 570: | ||
|{{IPAchar|[ndz]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ndz]}} |
||
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[nz]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[nz]}} |
||
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the {{ |
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the {{lang|grc|ν}} is silent and audibly lengthens the preceding vowel instead. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|νθ}} |
||
|<tt>nth</tt> |
|<tt>nth</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ntʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ntʰ]}} |
||
Line 578: | Line 578: | ||
|{{IPAchar|[ ̃θ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ ̃θ]}} |
||
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[nθ]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[nθ]}} |
||
|In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with {{ |
|In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with {{lang|grc|θ}} in common speech, later reintroduced under influence from Katharevousa. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|νν}} |
||
|<tt>nn</tt> |
|<tt>nn</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[nn]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[nn]}} |
||
Line 588: | Line 588: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|νσ νς}} |
||
|<tt>ns</tt> |
|<tt>ns</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ːs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ːs]}} |
||
Line 594: | Line 594: | ||
|{{IPAchar|[ ̃s]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ ̃s]}} |
||
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ns]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ns]}} |
||
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the {{ |
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the {{lang|grc|ν}} is silent and audibly lengthens the preceding vowel instead. In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with {{lang|grc|σ}} again in common speech, later reintroduced under influence from Katharevousa. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ντ}} |
||
|<tt>nt</tt> |
|<tt>nt</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[nt]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[nt]}} |
||
Line 604: | Line 604: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ντζ}} |
||
|<tt>ntz</tt> |
|<tt>ntz</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ːzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ːzd]}} |
||
Line 610: | Line 610: | ||
|{{IPAchar|[ndz]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ndz]}} |
||
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ndz]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ndz]}} |
||
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the {{ |
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the {{lang|grc|ντ}} is silent and audibly lengthens the preceding vowel instead. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ντσ ντς}} |
||
|<tt>nts</tt> |
|<tt>nts</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ːs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ːs]}} |
||
Line 618: | Line 618: | ||
|{{IPAchar|[nts]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[nts]}} |
||
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[nts]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[nts]}} |
||
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the {{ |
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the {{lang|grc|ντ}} is silent and audibly lengthens the preceding vowel instead. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ξβ}} |
||
|<tt>ksb</tt> |
|<tt>ksb</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzb]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzb]}} |
||
Line 628: | Line 628: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ξγ}} |
||
|<tt>ksg</tt> |
|<tt>ksg</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzɡ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzɡ]}} |
||
Line 637: | Line 637: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ξδ}} |
||
|<tt>ksd</tt> |
|<tt>ksd</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzd]}} |
||
Line 645: | Line 645: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ξζ}} |
||
|<tt>ksz</tt> |
|<tt>ksz</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzzd]}} |
||
Line 653: | Line 653: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ξμ}} |
||
|<tt>ksm</tt> |
|<tt>ksm</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzm]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡʱzm]}} |
||
Line 661: | Line 661: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ππ}} |
||
|<tt>pp</tt> |
|<tt>pp</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[pp]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[pp]}} |
||
Line 669: | Line 669: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|πφ}} |
||
|<tt>pph</tt> |
|<tt>pph</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ppʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ppʰ]}} |
||
Line 677: | Line 677: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ρρ ῤῥ}} |
||
|<tt>rrh</tt> |
|<tt>rrh</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[rhr]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[rhr]}} |
||
Line 685: | Line 685: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|σβ}} |
||
|<tt>sb</tt> |
|<tt>sb</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[zb]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[zb]}} |
||
Line 693: | Line 693: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|σγ}} |
||
|<tt>sg</tt> |
|<tt>sg</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[zɡ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[zɡ]}} |
||
Line 702: | Line 702: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|σδ}} |
||
|<tt>sd</tt> |
|<tt>sd</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[zd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[zd]}} |
||
Line 710: | Line 710: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|σζ}} |
||
|<tt>sz</tt> |
|<tt>sz</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[zzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[zzd]}} |
||
Line 718: | Line 718: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Σμ σμ}} |
||
|<tt>sm</tt> |
|<tt>sm</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[zm]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[zm]}} |
||
Line 726: | Line 726: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|σσ}} |
||
|<tt>ss</tt> |
|<tt>ss</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ss]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ss]}} |
||
Line 734: | Line 734: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Τζ τζ}} |
||
|<tt>tz</tt> |
|<tt>tz</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[zd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[zd]}} |
||
Line 740: | Line 740: | ||
|{{IPAchar|[dz]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[dz]}} |
||
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[dz]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[dz]}} |
||
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and is pronounced as {{ |
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and is pronounced as {{lang|grc|ζ}}, ''not'' audibly lengthening the preceding vowel as {{lang|grc|νζ}} does. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|τθ}} |
||
|<tt>tth</tt> |
|<tt>tth</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[ttʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ttʰ]}} |
||
Line 750: | Line 750: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|Τσ τσ τς}} |
||
|<tt>ts</tt> |
|<tt>ts</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[s]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[s]}} |
||
Line 756: | Line 756: | ||
|{{IPAchar|[ts]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ts]}} |
||
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ts]}} |
|colspan="2"|{{IPAchar|[ts]}} |
||
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and is pronounced as {{ |
|Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and is pronounced as {{lang|grc|σ}}, ''not'' audibly lengthening the preceding vowel as {{lang|grc|νσ}} does. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ττ}} |
||
|<tt>tt</tt> |
|<tt>tt</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[tt]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[tt]}} |
||
Line 766: | Line 766: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ψβ}} |
||
|<tt>psb</tt> |
|<tt>psb</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzb]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzb]}} |
||
Line 774: | Line 774: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ψγ}} |
||
|<tt>psg</tt> |
|<tt>psg</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzɡ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzɡ]}} |
||
Line 783: | Line 783: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ψδ}} |
||
|<tt>psd</tt> |
|<tt>psd</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzd]}} |
||
Line 791: | Line 791: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ψζ}} |
||
|<tt>psz</tt> |
|<tt>psz</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzzd]}} |
||
Line 799: | Line 799: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ψμ}} |
||
|<tt>psm</tt> |
|<tt>psm</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzm]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[bʱzm]}} |
||
Line 809: | Line 809: | ||
===αυ/ευ/ηυ exceptions=== |
===αυ/ευ/ηυ exceptions=== |
||
This table uses {{ |
This table uses {{lang|grc|ευ}} as an example, but the same principles apply to {{lang|grc|αυ}} and {{lang|grc|ηυ}}, with {{lang|grc|α}} and {{lang|grc|η}} instead of {{lang|grc|ε}}. |
||
{|class = "wikitable" |
{|class = "wikitable" |
||
!Spelling |
!Spelling |
||
Line 817: | Line 817: | ||
!Byzan. IPA |
!Byzan. IPA |
||
!Cont. IPA |
!Cont. IPA |
||
!before {{ |
!before {{lang|grc|αι ε ει ευ η ῃ ηυ ι οι υ υι}} |
||
!Notes |
!Notes |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευβ}} |
||
|<tt>eub</tt> |
|<tt>eub</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊb]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊb]}} |
||
Line 828: | Line 828: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευθ}} |
||
|<tt>euth</tt> |
|<tt>euth</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊtʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊtʰ]}} |
||
Line 836: | Line 836: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευκ}} |
||
|<tt>euk</tt> |
|<tt>euk</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊk]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊk]}} |
||
Line 845: | Line 845: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευξ}} |
||
|<tt>euks</tt> |
|<tt>euks</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊkʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊkʰs]}} |
||
Line 853: | Line 853: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευπ}} |
||
|<tt>eup</tt> |
|<tt>eup</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊp]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊp]}} |
||
Line 861: | Line 861: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευσ ευς}} |
||
|<tt>eus</tt> |
|<tt>eus</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊs]}} |
||
Line 869: | Line 869: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευσβ}} |
||
|<tt>eusb</tt> |
|<tt>eusb</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzb]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzb]}} |
||
Line 877: | Line 877: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευσγ}} |
||
|<tt>eusg</tt> |
|<tt>eusg</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzɡ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzɡ]}} |
||
Line 886: | Line 886: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευσδ}} |
||
|<tt>eusd</tt> |
|<tt>eusd</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzd]}} |
||
Line 894: | Line 894: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευσμ}} |
||
|<tt>eusm</tt> |
|<tt>eusm</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzm]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzm]}} |
||
Line 902: | Line 902: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευτ}} |
||
|<tt>eut</tt> |
|<tt>eut</tt> |
||
|{{IPAchar|[eʊt]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊt]}} |
||
Line 910: | Line 910: | ||
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|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευτζ}} |
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|<tt>eutz</tt> |
|<tt>eutz</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[eʊzd]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊzd]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευφ}} |
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|<tt>euph</tt> |
|<tt>euph</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[eʊpʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊpʰ]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευχ}} |
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|<tt>eukh</tt> |
|<tt>eukh</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[eʊkʰ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊkʰ]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευψ}} |
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|<tt>eups</tt> |
|<tt>eups</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[eʊpʰs]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊpʰs]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ευ}} |
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|<tt>eu</tt> |
|<tt>eu</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[eʊ]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[eʊ]}} |
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===Consonant-ι exceptions=== |
===Consonant-ι exceptions=== |
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Even today, most words of learned Ancient Greek origin have {{ |
Even today, most words of learned Ancient Greek origin have {{lang|grc|ι}} pronounced as {{IPAchar|[i]}}, always a full vowel in its own syllable. However, where {{lang|grc|ι}} is ''understood'' to have come from {{IPAchar|[j]}}, a {{IPAchar|[j]}}-derived pronunciation may reasonably apply. {{IPAchar|[j]}} does not enter the spoken language until the Byzantine period, and some words (such as {{polytonic|[[Ἰούλιος]]}}) do ''not'' today have retroactive {{IPAchar|[j]}} pronunciations. But when {{IPAchar|[j]}} does contextually apply, this is how. |
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{|class = "wikitable" |
{|class = "wikitable" |
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!Spelling |
!Spelling |
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!Notes |
!Notes |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ι ϊ}} |
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|<tt>i</tt> |
|<tt>i</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[j]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[j]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γι}} |
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|<tt>gi</tt> |
|<tt>gi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɣj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɣj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γγι}} |
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|<tt>ngi</tt> |
|<tt>ngi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ŋɡj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋɡj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γκι}} |
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|<tt>nki</tt> |
|<tt>nki</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ŋkj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ŋkj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|γχι}} |
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|<tt>nkhi</tt> |
|<tt>nkhi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ ̃xj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ ̃xj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|θι}} |
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|<tt>thi</tt> |
|<tt>thi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[θj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[θj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κι}} |
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|<tt>ki</tt> |
|<tt>ki</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[kj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κγι}} |
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|<tt>kgi</tt> |
|<tt>kgi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɡɣj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɡɣj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κκι}} |
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|<tt>kki</tt> |
|<tt>kki</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[kkj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kkj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|κχι}} |
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|<tt>kkhi</tt> |
|<tt>kkhi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[kxj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[kxj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|λι}} |
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|<tt>li</tt> |
|<tt>li</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[lj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[lj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|λλι}} |
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|<tt>lli</tt> |
|<tt>lli</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[llj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[llj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|νι}} |
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|<tt>ni</tt> |
|<tt>ni</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[nj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[nj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ννι}} |
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|<tt>nni</tt> |
|<tt>nni</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[nnj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[nnj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ξι}} |
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|<tt>ksi</tt> |
|<tt>ksi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ksj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ksj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|πι}} |
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|<tt>pi</tt> |
|<tt>pi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[pj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[pj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|σι}} |
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|<tt>si</tt> |
|<tt>si</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[sj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[sj]}} |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|τι}} |
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|<tt>ti</tt> |
|<tt>ti</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[tj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[tj]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|φι}} |
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|<tt>phi</tt> |
|<tt>phi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[ɸj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[ɸj]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|χι}} |
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|<tt>khi</tt> |
|<tt>khi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[xj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[xj]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{ |
| {{lang|grc|ψι}} |
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|<tt>psi</tt> |
|<tt>psi</tt> |
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|{{IPAchar|[psj]}} |
|{{IPAchar|[psj]}} |
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===Additional notes=== |
===Additional notes=== |
||
* A rough breathing mark ([[w:spiritus asper|dasy pneuma]]) is designated by an h at the front of the word (both in IPA and Romanization). A smooth breathing mark ([[w:spiritus lenis|psilon pneuma]]) requires no notation. In Koine IPA, the rough breathing mark is marked as {{IPAchar|[(h)]}} because it's already a mostly dead phoneme. In Byzantine IPA onward, it is totally gone. When the rough breathing mark is on vowels or diphthongs, they should be preceded with <tt>h</tt> in romanization. Over {{ |
* A rough breathing mark ([[w:spiritus asper|dasy pneuma]]) is designated by an h at the front of the word (both in IPA and Romanization). A smooth breathing mark ([[w:spiritus lenis|psilon pneuma]]) requires no notation. In Koine IPA, the rough breathing mark is marked as {{IPAchar|[(h)]}} because it's already a mostly dead phoneme. In Byzantine IPA onward, it is totally gone. When the rough breathing mark is on vowels or diphthongs, they should be preceded with <tt>h</tt> in romanization. Over {{lang|grc|ρ}}, the consonant is romanized <tt>rh</tt>. The mark is always on (or implied to be on) word-initial {{lang|grc|Ρ ρ Υ υ Υι υι}}, which are always romanized <tt>Rh rh Hu hu Hui hui</tt>. {{lang|grc|ρρ/ῤῥ}} is always romanized <tt>rrh</tt>. |
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* Iota subscripts are Romanized for Classical Greek, but neither pronounced nor Romanized for Koine. In Classical pronunciation an iota subscript is designated by a /j/ following the vowel. |
* Iota subscripts are Romanized for Classical Greek, but neither pronounced nor Romanized for Koine. In Classical pronunciation an iota subscript is designated by a /j/ following the vowel. |
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* A diaeresis should be noted in a Romanization with the umlaut set found in the Latin/Roman script set (at the bottom of the editing window). |
* A diaeresis should be noted in a Romanization with the umlaut set found in the Latin/Roman script set (at the bottom of the editing window). |
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* In Classical IPA, acute accent is noted by ́ on vowel, circumflex with ̂ . In Koine, both are represented with ˈ at the beginning of corresponding syllable. Accents are not noted in Romanization. |
* In Classical IPA, acute accent is noted by ́ on vowel, circumflex with ̂ . In Koine, both are represented with ˈ at the beginning of corresponding syllable. Accents are not noted in Romanization. |
||
* Macrons should be designated in IPA by the long vowel symbol {{IPAchar|ː}}. The length distinctions of {{ |
* Macrons should be designated in IPA by the long vowel symbol {{IPAchar|ː}}. The length distinctions of {{lang|grc|ᾰ/ᾱ}}, {{lang|grc|ῐ/ῑ}} and {{lang|grc|ῠ/ῡ}} are noted in Romanizations where they are known. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 15:35, 11 July 2013
This page is an extension of Wiktionary:About Ancient Greek. See also Category:Ancient Greek IPA templates. There is also a page Modern Greek romanization.
The prescribed Romanization is the scientific transliteration; note that digraphs only affect pronunciation, not Romanization.
The prescribed pronunciation systems here reflect the main prestige dialects during the three ancient Greek development periods.
- Classical Greek pronunciation reflects the conservative standard of the Attic-speaking regions of Attica, the northern Cyclades, Euboea and Chalcidice, and their colonies.
- Koine Greek pronunciation reflects the majority mixed dialect of Alexander's empire, especially that of Alexandria, the principal philosophical and literary center of the Hellenistic Greeks, and where Judeo-Christian scripture was translated into Greek.
- Byzantine Greek pronunciation reflects the habits of Constantinople and its close transitional dialects. Though it spanned almost all of Late Antiquity, it also spanned well into the Middle Ages until the 15th century (approximately 1200 years), as the Byzantine Roman world largely escaped the Dark Ages.
- Contemporary Greek pronunciation reflects how people in modern Greece and Cyprus pronounce classical words today. The standard is based on the polished speech register of Demotic Greek, including additional polished Cypriot articulations (in parentheses) where these do not exist in Athens.
Letters
Letter | Rom. | Class. IPA | Koine IPA | Byzan. IPA | Cont. IPA | before αι ε ει ευ η ῃ ηυ ι οι υ υι | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Α α | A Ā a ā | [a/aː] invalid IPA characters (/) | [a/aː] invalid IPA characters (/) | [a] | [a] | In Classical polytonic, the length distinction of ᾰ ([a]) and ᾱ ([aː]) is not indicated usually in writing nor in transcription. However, if ᾱ needs to be transcribed, ā suffices. | |
Β β | B b | [b] | [b] | [β] | [v] | ||
Γ γ | G g | [ɡ] | [ɡ] | [ɣ] | [ɣ] | [ʝ] | |
Δ δ | D d | [d] | [d] | [ð] | [ð] | ||
Ε ε | E e | [e] | [ɛ] | [e] | [e] | ||
Ϝ ϝ | W w | [w] | N\A | Not native to Attic-Ionic (lost in pre-classical times). If pronounced [w], Classical Attic kept it silent and Koine adapted it as ου. If pronounced [β~v], both Classical Attic and Koine adapted it as β. | |||
Ζ ζ | Z z | [zd] | [z/zz] invalid IPA characters (/) | [z/zz] invalid IPA characters (/) | [z/(z)z] invalid IPA characters (/) | Was metrically considered an interchangeably single or double consonant in Koine (typically double between vowels). | |
Η η | Ē ē | [ɛː] | [eː] | [i] | [i] | Finishes merging with ι/ϊ in Byzantine. | |
Θ θ | Th th | [tʰ] | [tʰ] | [θ] | [θ] | ||
Ι ι ϊ | I Ī i ī ï | [i/iː] invalid IPA characters (/) | [i/iː] invalid IPA characters (/) | [i] | [i] | In Classical polytonic, the length distinction of ῐ ([i]) and ῑ ([iː]) is not indicated usually in writing nor in transcription. However, if ῑ needs to be transcribed, ī suffices. | |
Κ κ | K k | [k] | [k] | [k] | [k] | [c] | |
Λ λ | L l | [l] | [l] | [l] | [l] | ||
Μ μ | M m | [m] | [m] | [m] | [m] | ||
Ν ν | N n | [n] | [n] | [n] | [n] | ||
Ξ ξ | Ks ks | [kʰs] | [kʰs] | [ks] | [ks] | See digraph exceptions further down. | |
Ο ο | O o | [o] | [o] | [o] | [o] | ||
Π π | P p | [p] | [p] | [p] | [p] | ||
Ρ ρ | Rh rh r | [hr/r] invalid IPA characters (/) | [(h)r/r] invalid IPA characters (/) | [r] | [ɾ] | Normal ρ is [r] and transcribed r. In Classical, ῥ is voiceless [hr] and transcribed rh, and ρρ or ῤῥ is voiceless [rhr] and transcribed rrh. Koine ῥ is [(h)r], and ῤῥ is [r(h)r]. All are voiced [r] in Byzantine onward, except in Atticist writings. | |
Σ σ ς | S s | [s] | [s] | [s] | [s] | See digraph exceptions further down. | |
Τ τ | T t | [t] | [t] | [t] | [t] | See diagraph exceptions further down. | |
Υ υ ϋ | Hu Hū hu hū u ū ü | [ʉ/ʉː] invalid IPA characters (/) | [y/yː] invalid IPA characters (/) | [y] | [i] | Originally not a front vowel, the influential Athens dialect articulates it as [y/yː] invalid IPA characters (/) earlier on. Merges with ι in 10th century Byzantine Greek, but merges with ου in the Old Athenian dialect until it becomes extinct in the 20th century. | |
Φ φ | Ph ph | [pʰ] | [pʰ] | [ɸ] | [f] | ||
Χ χ | Kh kh | [kʰ] | [kʰ] | [x] | [x] | [ç] | |
Ψ ψ | Ps ps | [pʰs] | [pʰs] | [ps] | [ps] | See digraph exceptions further down. | |
Ω ω | Ō ō | [ɔː] | [oː] | [o] | [o] | Merges with ο late in Koine. |
Vowel digraphs
Spelling | Rom. | Class. IPA | Koine IPA | Byzan. IPA | Cont. IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Αι αι | Ai ai | [aɪ] | [ɛː] | [e] | [e] | Merges with ε in late Koine among the Hellenists and in Alexandria, and treated as an allophone of it from then on. |
ᾼ ᾳ | Āi āi | [aːj] | [aː] | [a] | [a] | Classically spelt ΑΙ. In Koine, becomes collated simply as α as they merge. |
Αυ αυ | Au Āu au āu | [aʊ/aːʊ] invalid IPA characters (/) | [aw/aːw] invalid IPA characters (/) | [av] | [av] | See αυ/ευ/ηυ exceptions further down. |
Ει ει | Ei ei | [eː] | [iː] | [i] | [i] | In the learned Koine pronunciation of the foreign Romans, ει was typically an allophone of η immediately before other vowels, and an allophone of ι everywhere else. Alexandrians treated it as an allophone of ῑ in all circumstances, a trend that would become standard in Byzantine. |
Ευ ευ | Eu eu | [eʊ] | [ɛw] | [ev] | [ev] | See αυ/ευ/ηυ exceptions further down. |
ῌ ῃ | Ēi ēi | [ɛːj] | [eː] | [i] | [i] | Classically spelt ΗΙ. In Koine, becomes collated simply as η as they merge. |
Ηυ ηυ | Ēu ēu | [ɛːʊ] | [eːw] | [iv] | [iv] | See αυ/ευ/ηυ exceptions further down. |
Οι οι | Oi oi | [oɪ] | [yː] | [y] | [i] | Merges together with ῡ and υι in Koine, even earlier in Athens. |
Ου ου | Ou ou | [oː] | [uː] | [u] | [u] | Becomes [uː] earlier on in Athens, remaining an allophone of [oː] until ω fills that pronunciation. |
Υι υι ϋι | Hui hui ui üi | [yː] | [yː] | [y] | [i] | Merges with ῡ in Koine, and earlier on in Athens. |
ῼ ῳ | Ōi ōi | [ɔːj] | [oː] | [o] | [o] | Classically spelt ΩΙ. In Koine, becomes collated simply as ω as they merge. |
Ωυ ωυ | Ōu ōu | [ɔːy] | [oːy] | [oy] | [oi] | Non-Attic Greek diphthong (originally pronounced [ɔːʊ]), separated into two separate vowels, ωϋ, when loaned into Classical Attic onward. |
Consonant digraphs and exceptions
Spelling | Rom. | Class. IPA | Koine IPA | Byzan. IPA | Cont. IPA | before αι ε ει ευ η ῃ ηυ ι οι υ υι | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ββ | bb | [bb] | [bb] | [ββ] | [(v)v] | ||
γγ | ng | [ŋɡ] | [ŋɡ] | [ŋɡ] | [ŋɡ] | [ŋɟ] | In Contemporary pronunciation, in numerous irregular cases, is pronounced [ŋɣ] and [ŋʝ] respectively. Please consult (and preferably cite) a reputable Modern Greek pronunciation source for each word concerned. |
γκ | nk | [ŋk] | [ŋk] | [ŋk] | [ŋɡ] | [ŋɟ] | |
γκτ | nkt | [ŋkt] | [ŋkt] | [ŋkt] | [ŋkt] | ||
γξ | nks | [ŋkʰs] | [ŋkʰs] | [ŋks] | [ŋks] | ||
γχ | nkh | [ŋkʰ] | [ŋkʰ] | [ ̃x] | [ŋx] | [ŋç] | In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with χ in common speech, later reintroduced under influence from Katharevousa. |
δδ | dd | [dd] | [dd] | [ðð] | [(ð)ð] | ||
κβ | kb | [ɡb] | [ɡb] | [ɡβ] | [ɡv] | ||
κγ | kg | [ɡɡ] | [ɡɡ] | [ɡɣ] | [ɡɣ] | [ɡʝ] | |
κδ | kd | [ɡd] | [ɡd] | [ɡð] | [ɡð] | ||
κζ | kz | [ɡʱzd] | [ɡʱz] | [ɡz] | [ɡz] | ||
κθ | kth | [kʰtʰ] | [kʰtʰ] | [kθ] | [kθ] | ||
κκ | kk | [kk] | [kk] | [kk] | [k(ʰ)] | [c(ʰ)] | |
κξ | kks | [kkʰs] | [kkʰs] | [kks] | [k(ʰ)s invalid IPA characters ([) | ||
κσ | ks | [kʰs] | [kʰs] | [ks] | [ks] | ||
κσμ | ksm | [ɡʱzm] | [ɡʱzm] | [ɡzm] | [ɡzm] | ||
κφ | kph | [kʰpʰ] | [kʰpʰ] | [kɸ] | [kf] | ||
κχ | kkh | [kkʰ] | [kkʰ] | [kx] | [kx] | [kç] | |
κψ | kps | [kʰpʰs] | [kʰpʰs] | [kps] | [kps] | ||
λλ | ll | Template:unicode | Template:unicode | Template:unicode | Template:unicode | ||
μβ | mb | [mb] | [mb] | [mb] | [ɱv] | ||
μμ | mm | [mm] | [mm] | [mm] | [(m)m] | ||
μπ | mp | [mp] | [mp] | [mp] | [mb] | ||
μπτ | mpt | [mpt] | [mpt] | [mpt] | [mpt] | ||
μφ | mph | [mpʰ] | [mpʰ] | [ ̃ɸ] | [ɱf] | In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with φ in common speech, later reintroduced under influence from Katharevousa. | |
μψ | mps | [mpʰs] | [mpʰs] | [mps] | [mps] | ||
νδ | nd | [nd] | [nd] | [nd] | [nð] | ||
νζ | nz | [ːzd] | [nz] | [ndz] | [nz] | Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the ν is silent and audibly lengthens the preceding vowel instead. | |
νθ | nth | [ntʰ] | [ntʰ] | [ ̃θ] | [nθ] | In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with θ in common speech, later reintroduced under influence from Katharevousa. | |
νν | nn | [nn] | [nn] | [nn] | [(n)n] | ||
νσ νς | ns | [ːs] | [ns] | [ ̃s] | [ns] | Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the ν is silent and audibly lengthens the preceding vowel instead. In Byzantine pronuncation, this phoneme becomes seriously endangered and merges with σ again in common speech, later reintroduced under influence from Katharevousa. | |
ντ | nt | [nt] | [nt] | [nt] | [nd] | ||
ντζ | ntz | [ːzd] | [ndz] | [ndz] | [ndz] | Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the ντ is silent and audibly lengthens the preceding vowel instead. | |
ντσ ντς | nts | [ːs] | [nts] | [nts] | [nts] | Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and the ντ is silent and audibly lengthens the preceding vowel instead. | |
ξβ | ksb | [ɡʱzb] | [ɡʱzb] | [ɡzβ] | [ɡzv] | ||
ξγ | ksg | [ɡʱzɡ] | [ɡʱzɡ] | [ɡzɣ] | [ɡzɣ] | [ɡzʝ] | |
ξδ | ksd | [ɡʱzd] | [ɡʱzd] | [ɡzð] | [ɡzð] | ||
ξζ | ksz | [ɡʱzzd] | [ɡʱzz] | [ɡzz] | [ɡ(z)z] | ||
ξμ | ksm | [ɡʱzm] | [ɡʱzm] | [ɡzm] | [ɡzm] | ||
ππ | pp | [pp] | [pp] | [pp] | [p(ʰ)] | ||
πφ | pph | [ppʰ] | [ppʰ] | [pɸ] | [pf] | ||
ρρ ῤῥ | rrh | [rhr] | [r(h)r] | [rr] | [(r)ɾ] | ||
σβ | sb | [zb] | [zb] | [zβ] | [zv] | ||
σγ | sg | [zɡ] | [zɡ] | [zɣ] | [zɣ] | [zʝ] | |
σδ | sd | [zd] | [zd] | [zð] | [zð] | ||
σζ | sz | [zzd] | [zz] | [zz] | [(z)z] | ||
Σμ σμ | sm | [zm] | [zm] | [zm] | [zm] | ||
σσ | ss | [ss] | [ss] | [ss] | [(s)s] | ||
Τζ τζ | tz | [zd] | [dz] | [dz] | [dz] | Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and is pronounced as ζ, not audibly lengthening the preceding vowel as νζ does. | |
τθ | tth | [ttʰ] | [ttʰ] | [tθ] | [tθ] | ||
Τσ τσ τς | ts | [s] | [ts] | [ts] | [ts] | Not viable in Classical Attic, where the spelling is rare, and is pronounced as σ, not audibly lengthening the preceding vowel as νσ does. | |
ττ | tt | [tt] | [tt] | [tt] | [t(ʰ)] | ||
ψβ | psb | [bʱzb] | [bʱzb] | [bzβ] | [bzv] | ||
ψγ | psg | [bʱzɡ] | [bʱzɡ] | [bzɣ] | [bzɣ] | [bzʝ] | |
ψδ | psd | [bʱzd] | [bʱzd] | [bzð] | [bzð] | ||
ψζ | psz | [bʱzzd] | [bʱzz] | [bzz] | [b(z)z] | ||
ψμ | psm | [bʱzm] | [bʱzm] | [bzm] | [bzm] |
αυ/ευ/ηυ exceptions
This table uses ευ as an example, but the same principles apply to αυ and ηυ, with α and η instead of ε.
Spelling | Rom. | Class. IPA | Koine IPA | Byzan. IPA | Cont. IPA | before αι ε ει ευ η ῃ ηυ ι οι υ υι | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ευβ | eub | [eʊb] | [ɛwb] | [eββ] | [e(v)v] | ||
ευθ | euth | [eʊtʰ] | [ɛʍtʰ] | [eɸθ] | [efθ] | ||
ευκ | euk | [eʊk] | [ɛʍk] | [eɸk] | [efk] | [efc] | |
ευξ | euks | [eʊkʰs] | [ɛʍkʰs] | [eɸks] | [efks] | ||
ευπ | eup | [eʊp] | [ɛʍp] | [eɸp] | [efp] | ||
ευσ ευς | eus | [eʊs] | [ɛʍs] | [eɸs] | [efs] | ||
ευσβ | eusb | [eʊzb] | [ɛwzb] | [eβzβ] | [evzv] | ||
ευσγ | eusg | [eʊzɡ] | [ɛwzɡ] | [eβzɣ] | [evzɣ] | [evzʝ] | |
ευσδ | eusd | [eʊzd] | [ɛwzd] | [eβzð] | [evzð] | ||
ευσμ | eusm | [eʊzm] | [ɛwzm] | [eβzm] | [evzm] | ||
ευτ | eut | [eʊt] | [ɛʍt] | [eɸt] | [eft] | ||
ευτζ | eutz | [eʊzd] | [ɛwdz] | [eβdz] | [evdz] | ||
ευφ | euph | [eʊpʰ] | [ɛʍpʰ] | [eɸɸ] | [e(f)f] | ||
ευχ | eukh | [eʊkʰ] | [ɛʍkʰ] | [eɸx] | [efx] | [efç] | |
ευψ | eups | [eʊpʰs] | [ɛʍpʰs] | [eɸps] | [efps] | ||
ευ | eu | [eʊ] | [ɛʍ] | [eɸ] | [ef] | Specifically in the word-final position. |
Consonant-ι exceptions
Even today, most words of learned Ancient Greek origin have ι pronounced as [i], always a full vowel in its own syllable. However, where ι is understood to have come from [j], a [j]-derived pronunciation may reasonably apply. [j] does not enter the spoken language until the Byzantine period, and some words (such as Template:polytonic) do not today have retroactive [j] pronunciations. But when [j] does contextually apply, this is how.
Spelling | Rom. | Byzan. IPA | Cont. IPA | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ι ϊ | i | [j] | [ʝ] | |
γι | gi | [ɣj] | [ʝ] | |
γγι | ngi | [ŋɡj] | [ŋɟ] | |
γκι | nki | [ŋkj] | [ŋɟ] | |
γχι | nkhi | [ ̃xj] | [ŋç] | |
θι | thi | [θj] | [θç] | |
κι | ki | [kj] | [c] | |
κγι | kgi | [ɡɣj] | [ɡʝ] | |
κκι | kki | [kkj] | [(c)c] | |
κχι | kkhi | [kxj] | [kç] | |
λι | li | [lj] | [ʎ] | |
λλι | lli | [llj] | [(ʎ)ʎ] | |
νι | ni | [nj] | [ɲ] | |
ννι | nni | [nnj] | [(ɲ)ɲ] | |
ξι | ksi | [ksj] | [ksç] | |
πι | pi | [pj] | [pç] | |
σι | si | [sj] | [sç] | |
τι | ti | [tj] | [tç] | |
φι | phi | [ɸj] | [fç] | |
χι | khi | [xj] | [ç] | |
ψι | psi | [psj] | [psç] |
Additional notes
- A rough breathing mark (dasy pneuma) is designated by an h at the front of the word (both in IPA and Romanization). A smooth breathing mark (psilon pneuma) requires no notation. In Koine IPA, the rough breathing mark is marked as [(h)] because it's already a mostly dead phoneme. In Byzantine IPA onward, it is totally gone. When the rough breathing mark is on vowels or diphthongs, they should be preceded with h in romanization. Over ρ, the consonant is romanized rh. The mark is always on (or implied to be on) word-initial Ρ ρ Υ υ Υι υι, which are always romanized Rh rh Hu hu Hui hui. ρρ/ῤῥ is always romanized rrh.
- Iota subscripts are Romanized for Classical Greek, but neither pronounced nor Romanized for Koine. In Classical pronunciation an iota subscript is designated by a /j/ following the vowel.
- A diaeresis should be noted in a Romanization with the umlaut set found in the Latin/Roman script set (at the bottom of the editing window).
- In Classical IPA, acute accent is noted by ́ on vowel, circumflex with ̂ . In Koine, both are represented with ˈ at the beginning of corresponding syllable. Accents are not noted in Romanization.
- Macrons should be designated in IPA by the long vowel symbol ː. The length distinctions of ᾰ/ᾱ, ῐ/ῑ and ῠ/ῡ are noted in Romanizations where they are known.