Appendix:Greek pronunciation: difference between revisions
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the convention here is just /o/, /e/ |
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| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ä}}</big></big> |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ä}}</big></big> |
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| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|low central]] |
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|low central]] |
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| [[αγορά]] {{IPAchar|['''a'''ɣɔˈɾa]}}, [[άνω]] {{IPAchar|[ˈ'''a''' |
| [[αγορά]] {{IPAchar|['''a'''ɣɔˈɾa]}}, [[άνω]] {{IPAchar|[ˈ'''a'''no]}} |
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| align=center| <big>ο</big><br><big>ω</big> |
| align=center| <big>ο</big><br><big>ω</big> |
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| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɔ}}</big></big> |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɔ}}</big></big> |
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| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|o̞}}</big></big> |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|o̞}}</big></big> or <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɔ}}</big></big> |
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| [[w:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel#Mid_back_rounded_vowel|mid back]] |
| [[w:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel#Mid_back_rounded_vowel|mid back]] |
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| [[ομάδα]] {{IPAchar|['''o'''ˈmaða]}}<br>[[πάνω]] {{IPAchar|[ˈpan''' |
| [[ομάδα]] {{IPAchar|['''o'''ˈmaða]}}<br>[[πάνω]] {{IPAchar|[ˈpan'''o''']}}, [[ωμέγα]] {{IPAchar|['''o'''ˈmeɣa]}} |
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| align=center| <big>ε</big><br><big>αι</big> |
| align=center| <big>ε</big><br><big>αι</big> |
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| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɛ}}</big></big> |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɛ}}</big></big> |
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| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|e̞}}</big></big> |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|e̞}}</big></big> or <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɛ}}</big></big> |
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| [[w:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel#Mid_front_unrounded_vowel|mid front]] |
| [[w:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel#Mid_front_unrounded_vowel|mid front]] |
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| [[πεθερά]] {{IPAchar|[p'''e'''θeˈɾa]}}, [[μέλι]] {{IPAchar|[ˈm'''e'''li]}}<br>[[αιτία]] {{IPAchar|[''' |
| [[πεθερά]] {{IPAchar|[p'''e'''θeˈɾa]}}, [[μέλι]] {{IPAchar|[ˈm'''e'''li]}}<br>[[αιτία]] {{IPAchar|['''e'''ˈtia]}}, [[παιδί]] {{IPAchar|[p'''e'''ˈði]}} |
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| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|high front]] |
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|high front]] |
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| [[βιβλίο]] {{IPAchar|[v'''i''' |
| [[βιβλίο]] {{IPAchar|[v'''i'''ˈvlio]}}, [[παιδί]] {{IPAchar|[peˈð'''i''']}}<br> [[μητέρα]] {{IPAchar|[m'''i'''ˈteɾa]}}, [[νίκη]] {{IPAchar|[ˈn'''i'''ci]}}<br> [[γλυκό]] {{IPAchar|[ɣl'''i'''ˈko]}}<br>[[κλειδί]] {{IPAchar|[kl'''i'''ˈði]}}<br> |
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[[κοινός]] {{IPAchar|[c'''i''' |
[[κοινός]] {{IPAchar|[c'''i'''ˈnos]}}<br>[[υιός]] {{IPAchar|['''i'''ˈos]}} |
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|<div> |
|<div> |
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# When not followed by a vowel(e.g. [[μικρός]] {{IPAchar|[m'''i''' |
# When not followed by a vowel(e.g. [[μικρός]] {{IPAchar|[m'''i'''ˈkros]}} |
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# When stressed (e.g. [[δουλεία]] {{IPAchar|[ðuˈli.a]}}) |
# When stressed (e.g. [[δουλεία]] {{IPAchar|[ðuˈli.a]}}) |
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# In words of learned origin (e.g. [[ποιόν]] {{IPAchar|[p'''i''' |
# In words of learned origin (e.g. [[ποιόν]] {{IPAchar|[p'''i'''ˈon]}}) |
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# When preceded by consonant + {{IPAchar|[ɾ]}} (e.g. [[μητριά]] {{IPAchar|[ |
# When preceded by consonant + {{IPAchar|[ɾ]}} (e.g. [[μητριά]] {{IPAchar|[mi.tɾ'''i'''ˈa]}}) |
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</div> |
</div> |
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| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|j}}</big></big> |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|j}}</big></big> |
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| [[καράβια]] {{IPAchar|[kaˈɾav'''ʝ'''a]}}, [[παιδιά]] {{IPAchar|[ |
| [[καράβια]] {{IPAchar|[kaˈɾav'''ʝ'''a]}}, [[παιδιά]] {{IPAchar|[peˈð'''ʝ'''a]}}, [[μαγειρειό]] {{IPAchar|[maʝiˈɾ'''ʝ'''o]}} |
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| only with unstressed [i] after β, δ, ζ, ρ and before a vowel |
| only with unstressed [i] after β, δ, ζ, ρ and before a vowel |
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| [[φωτιά]] {{IPAchar|[ |
| [[φωτιά]] {{IPAchar|[foˈt'''ç'''a]}}, [[ελάφια]] {{IPAchar|[eˈlaf'''ç'''a]}}, [[καλάθια]] {{IPAchar|[kaˈlaθ'''ç'''a]}}, [[ίσιος]] {{IPAchar|[ˈis'''ç'''os]}}, [[πιο]] {{IPAchar|[p'''ç'''o]}}, [[ποιος]] {{IPAchar|[p'''ç'''os]}} |
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| only with unstressed [i] after θ, π, σ, τ, φ and before a vowel |
| only with unstressed [i] after θ, π, σ, τ, φ and before a vowel |
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| [[αυτός]] {{IPAchar|['''af''' |
| [[αυτός]] {{IPAchar|['''af'''ˈtos]}}, [[ταυ]] {{IPAchar|[t'''af''']}} |
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| before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)<ref name="Holton 1997">Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). ''Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language.'' London: Routledge.</ref> and word-final |
| before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)<ref name="Holton 1997">Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). ''Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language.'' London: Routledge.</ref> and word-final |
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| align=center| <big>ευ</big> |
| align=center| <big>ευ</big> |
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| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar| |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ef}}</big></big> |
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| [[ευχαριστώ]] {{IPAchar|[''' |
| [[ευχαριστώ]] {{IPAchar|['''ef'''xaɾiˈsto]}} |
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| before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)<ref name="Holton 1997">Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). ''Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language.'' London: Routledge.</ref> and word-final |
| before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)<ref name="Holton 1997">Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). ''Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language.'' London: Routledge.</ref> and word-final |
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| align=center| <big>ευ</big> |
| align=center| <big>ευ</big> |
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| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar| |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ev}}</big></big> |
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| [[ευαγγέλιο]] {{IPAchar|[''' |
| [[ευαγγέλιο]] {{IPAchar|['''ev'''aŋˈɟelio]}} |
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| before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)<ref name="Holton 1997" /> |
| before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)<ref name="Holton 1997" /> |
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| [[Εύβοια]] {{IPAchar|[ˈ''' |
| [[Εύβοια]] {{IPAchar|[ˈ'''e'''via]}}, [[ευφημισμός]] {{IPAchar|['''e'''fimiˈzmos]}} |
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| before β, φ |
| before β, φ |
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| {{w|Voiced velar fricative}} |
| {{w|Voiced velar fricative}} |
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| align="left" | [[γάμος]] {{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɣ''' |
| align="left" | [[γάμος]] {{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɣ'''amos]}}, [[αγάπη]] {{IPAchar|[aˈ'''ɣ'''api]}}, [[αγόρι]] {{IPAchar|[aˈ'''ɣ'''oɾi]}}, [[γάτα]] {{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɣ'''ata]}} |
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| align="left" | before [a] [ |
| align="left" | before [a] [o] [u] |
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| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ʝ}}</big></big> |
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ʝ}}</big></big> |
Revision as of 11:19, 4 April 2011
Disclaimer: This page does not yet reflect community policy. If you want to discuss or contribute to the development or adoption of this potential policy you are encouraged to do so on the discussion page. |
Vowels
IPA | IPA used elsewhere | Articulation | Examples | Notes | |
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α | a | ä | low central | αγορά [aɣɔˈɾa], άνω [ˈano] | |
ο ω |
ɔ | o̞ or ɔ | mid back | ομάδα [oˈmaða] πάνω [ˈpano], ωμέγα [oˈmeɣa] |
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ου | u | high back | πουλί [puˈli], φούστα [ˈfusta] | ||
ε αι |
ɛ | e̞ or ɛ | mid front | πεθερά [peθeˈɾa], μέλι [ˈmeli] αιτία [eˈtia], παιδί [peˈði] |
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ι η υ ει οι υι |
i | high front | βιβλίο [viˈvlio], παιδί [peˈði] μητέρα [miˈteɾa], νίκη [ˈnici] γλυκό [ɣliˈko] κλειδί [kliˈði] |
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ι η υ οι ει |
ʝ | j | καράβια [kaˈɾavʝa], παιδιά [peˈðʝa], μαγειρειό [maʝiˈɾʝo] | only with unstressed [i] after β, δ, ζ, ρ and before a vowel | |
ç | φωτιά [foˈtça], ελάφια [eˈlafça], καλάθια [kaˈlaθça], ίσιος [ˈisços], πιο [pço], ποιος [pços] | only with unstressed [i] after θ, π, σ, τ, φ and before a vowel | |||
ɲ | μια [mɲa], μυαλό [mɲaˈlo] | only with unstressed [i] after μ and before a vowel | |||
αυ | af | αυτός [afˈtos], ταυ [taf] | before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)[1] and word-final | ||
αυ | av | αυγή [avˈʝi], μαύρος [ˈmavɾos] | before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)[1] | ||
ευ | ef | ευχαριστώ [efxaɾiˈsto] | before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)[1] and word-final | ||
ευ | ev | ευαγγέλιο [evaŋˈɟelio] | before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)[1] | ||
ευ | e | Εύβοια [ˈevia], ευφημισμός [efimiˈzmos] | before β, φ | ||
ηυ | if | επηυξημένος [epifksiˈmenos] | before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ) and word-final | ||
ηυ | iv | απηύδησα [aˈpivðisa] | before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν) |
Consonants
IPA | IPA used elsewhere | Articulation | Examples | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | v | Voiced labiodental fricative | βουλή [vuˈli], σοβαρός [sovaˈɾos], συμβουλή [siɱvuˈli], βόδι [ˈvoði], βόρεια [ˈvoɾia] | ||
γ | ɣ | Voiced velar fricative | γάμος [ˈɣamos], αγάπη [aˈɣapi], αγόρι [aˈɣoɾi], γάτα [ˈɣata] | before [a] [o] [u] | |
ʝ | j | Voiced palatal fricative | για [ʝa], γένος [ˈʝenos], Γεώργιος [ʝeˈoɾʝios], γυαλί [ʝaˈli] | before ι, η, υ, οι, ει and [e] | |
δ | ð | Voiced dental fricative (interdental) | δώρο [ˈðoɾo], παιδί [peˈði], δάχτυλο [ˈðaxtilo], ενδιαφέρον [enðiaˈfeɾon] | ||
ζ | z | z̺ | Voiced alveolar fricative | ζωή [zoˈi], ζήλια [ˈziʎa], χαζός [xaˈzos], ζάχαρη [ˈzaxaɾi] | |
θ | θ | Voiceless dental fricative (interdental) | θάλασσα [ˈθalasa], άνθος [ˈanθos], θέμα [ˈθema] | ||
κ | k | Voiceless velar plosive | κόρη [ˈkoɾi], σύκα [ˈsika] | before [a] [o] [u] | |
c | Voiceless palatal plosive | κήπος [ˈcipos], πακέτο [paˈceto] | before ι, η, υ, ει, οι and [e] | ||
λ | l | Dental lateral approximant | λάθος [ˈlaθos], καλό [kaˈlo], λεμόνι [lemoni], πάλι [ˈpali] | ʎ before [i] in some dialects, idiolects | |
ʎ | Palatal lateral approximant | κιάλια [ˈcaʎa] | [li]+vowel with [i] unstressed | ||
μ | m | Bilabial nasal | μόνος [ˈmonos], χώμα [ˈxoma] | ||
ɱ | Labiodental nasal | συμφωνία [siɱfoˈnia], έμφαση [ˈeɱfasi] | before β, φ (labial/labiodental fricatives) | ||
ν | n | Dental nasal | νονός [noˈnos], ένας [ˈenas], άνω [ˈano], νύχτα [ˈnixta], άνοιξη [ˈaniksi] | ɲ before [i] in some dialects and idiolects | |
ɲ | Palatal nasal | νοιάζομαι [ˈɲazome], πανιά [paˈɲa] | [ni]+vowel with [i] unstressed | ||
ŋ | Velar nasal | πανκ [ˈpaŋk], Χέμινγουεϊ [ˈçemiŋɣuˈei] | before velar and palatal consonants | ||
ξ | ks | Voiceless velar plosive and Voiceless alveolar fricative | ξένος [ˈksenos] | ||
π | p | Voiceless bilabial plosive | πόδι [ˈpoði], κάπου [ˈkapu], παπάς [paˈpas], πέντε [ˈpende] | ||
ρ | ɾ | r | Alveolar flap | ροδιά [ɾoˈðʝa], ψάρι [ˈpsaɾi], πάρα [ˈpaɾa], ρετσίνα [ɾeˈʦina] replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | |
σ/ς | s | Voiceless alveolar fricative | σώμα [ˈsoma], δάσος [ˈðasos], βάση [ˈvasi], σαλάτα [saˈlata] | ||
σ | z | Voiced alveolar fricative | Λέσβος [ˈlezvos], Πελασγός [pelaˈzɣos], Έσδρας [ˈezðɾas], κόσμος [ˈkozmos] | before [v] [ɣ] [ʝ] [ð] [z] [m] invalid IPA characters (][][][][][) | |
τ | t | Voiceless dental plosive | τέλος [ˈtelos], ποτό [poˈto], μητέρα [miˈteɾa] | ||
φ | f | Voiceless labiodental fricative | φόρος [ˈfoɾos], νέφος [ˈnefos], φούστα [ˈfusta] | ||
χ | x | Voiceless velar fricative | χαρά [xaˈɾa], βήχας [ˈvixas], άγχος [ˈaŋxos], χάνω [ˈxano], χρόνος [ˈxɾonos] | before [a], [o], [u] | |
ç | Voiceless palatal fricative | χιόνι [ˈçoni], βροχή [vɾoˈçi], χέρι [ˈçeɾi] | before ι, η, υ, ει, οι, [e] | ||
ψ | ps | Voiceless bilabial plosive and Voiceless alveolar fricative | ψωμί [psoˈmi] |
Grouped consonants
IPA | IPA used elsewhere | Articulation | Examples | Notes | |
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τσ τς |
ʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | Voiceless alveolar affricate | τσέπη [ˈʦepi] replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ), παπούτσι [paˈpuʦi] replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | ||
τζ | ʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | Voiced alveolar affricate | τζάμι [ˈʣami] replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ), παντζάρι [panˈʣaɾi] replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | ||
μπ | b | Voiced bilabial plosive | μπότα [ˈbota], μπύρα [ˈbiɾa] | initial position | |
mb | Prenasalized Voiced bilabial plosive | καμπάνα [kamˈbana] | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciations: mb invalid IPA characters (<></>), b | ||
b | Voiced bilabial plosive | μπουμπούκι [buˈbuci] | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors | ||
mp | Prenasalized Voiceless bilabial plosive | κομπιούτερ [komˈpçuteɾ] | with borrowed words | ||
μπτ | mt or mpt | Πέμπτη [ˈpemti] or [ˈpempti] | |||
ντ | d | Voiced dental plosive | ντουλάπα [duˈlapa], ντάμα [ˈdama], ντομάτα [doˈmata] | initial position | |
nd | Prenasalized Voiced dental plosive | πέντε [ˈpende], έντομο [ˈendomo] | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciation: nd invalid IPA characters (<></>), d | ||
d | Voiced dental plosive | ντουντούκα [duˈduka] | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors | ||
nt | Prenasalized Voiceless dental plosive | αντένα [anˈtena] | with borrowed words | ||
ντσ ντς |
nʦ replace ʦ with t͡s, invalid IPA characters (ʦ) | Prenasalized Voiceless alveolar affricate | |||
ντζ | nʣ replace ʣ with d͡z, invalid IPA characters (ʣ) | Prenasalized Voiced alveolar affricate | |||
γκ | ɡ | Voiced velar plosive | γκρίνια [ˈɡɾiɲa], γκάζι [ˈɡazi] | initial position, before [a], [o], [u] | |
ɟ | Voiced palatal plosive | γκιόνης [ˈɟonis] | initial position, before ι, η, υ, οι, ει, [e] | ||
ŋɡ | Prenasalized Voiced velar plosive | αγκώνας [aŋˈɡonas] | medial position | ||
ŋɟ | Prenasalized Voiced palatal plosive | ανάγκη [aˈnaŋɟi] | medial position | ||
γκτ | ŋkt | ελεγκτής [eleˈŋktis] | |||
γγ | ŋɡ | Prenasalized Voiced velar plosive | αγγλικός [aŋɡlikos] | alternate pronunciation: ŋɡ invalid IPA characters (<></>), ɡ | |
ŋɟ | Prenasalized Voiced palatal plosive | άγγελος [ˈaŋɟelos] | before ι, η, υ, ει, οι, [e]; alternate pronunciation: ŋɟ invalid IPA characters (<></>), ɟ | ||
ŋɣ | Prenasalized Voiced velar fricative | έγγραφο [ˈeŋɣɾafo] | |||
ŋʝ | ŋj | Prenasalized Voiced palatal fricative | εγγεγραμμένος [eŋʝeɣɾaˈmenos] | before [i] and [e] | |
γχ | ŋx | Prenasalized Voiceless velar fricative | άγχος [ˈaŋxos] | ||
ŋç | Prenasalized Voiceless palatal fricative | αγχίνοια [aŋˈçinia] | before [i] and [e] | ||
γξ | ŋks | Σφιγξ [sfiŋks] |
References
Suggested sources
The main sources of the values above were:
- Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language. London: Routledge, (1997).
- Peter Mackridge, The modern Greek Language
- Peter Mackridge, Η Νεοελληνική γλώσσα Athens (1990,1999) (translation in Greek by K.N. Petropoulos)
- Wikipedia: Modern Greek phonology
- Wikipedia: International Phonetic Alphabet
- Wikipedia: IPA chart for English
- Wiktionary: IPA pronunciation key