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{{grc-noun|ψῡχή|ψῡχῆς|f|first}}
# The [[animating]] [[principle]] of
#* {{Q|grc|Homer|Iliad|22|324 f.|quote={{...}} φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι / λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε '''ψυχῆς''' ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·|transauthor=Augustus Taber Murray|transyear=1924|trans={{...}} but there was an opening where the collar bones part the neck and shoulders, even the gullet, / where destruction of '''life''' cometh most speedily;}}
#*
## {{lb|grc|poetic}} Life-[[breath]], life-[[blood]] (''‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation'').
##* {{Q|grc|Homer|Iliad|14|516|thru=519|quote=Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν / οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ’ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε<br>δῃώσας: '''ψυχὴ''' δὲ κατ’ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν / ἔσσυτ’ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.|transauthor=Robert Fagles|transyear=1990|trans=Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor, / gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open,<br>spurting his entrails out — and his '''life[-blood]''', gushing forth / through the raw, yawning wound, went pulsing fast<br>and the dark came swirling down across his eyes.}}
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====Derived terms====
* {{l|grc|εὔψυχος}}
* {{l|grc|ψῡχικός}}
* {{l|grc|ψυχοπομπός}}
====Descendants====
* {{desc|cop|ⲯⲩⲭⲏ|bor=1}}▼
* {{desc|el|ψυχή}}
▲* {{desc|cop|ⲯⲩⲭⲏ|bor=1}}
* {{desc|la|psychē|bor=1}}
** {{desc|ca|psique|bor=1}}
** {{desc|cs|psýcha|bor=1}}
** {{desc|da|psyke|bor=1}}
** {{desc|nl|psyche|bor=1}}
** {{desc|en|psyche|bor=1}}
** {{desc|eo|psiko|bor=1}}
** {{desc|fi|psyyke|bor=1}}
** {{desc|fr|psyché|bor=1}}
** {{desc|de|Psyche|bor=1}}
** {{desc|it|psiche|bor=1}}
** {{desc|oc|psiquè|bor=1}}
** {{desc|pt|psique|bor=1}}
** {{desc|sh|psiha|bor=1}}, {{m|sh|пси̏ха}}
** {{desc|es|psique|bor=1}}, {{desc|es|psiquis|nolb=1}}
** {{desc|sv|psyke|bor=1}}
** {{desc|mul|psycho-|bor=1}}
** {{desc|yi|פּסיכע|bor=1}}
* {{desc|bg|психика|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός)
* {{desc|pl|psychika|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός)
* {{desc|ro|psihic|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός)
* {{desc|ru|психика|bor=1}} (''via Greek'' ψῡχικός)
===References===
|
Revision as of 11:01, 31 December 2019
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
Etymology
From ψῡ́χω (psū́khō, “I blow”) + -η (-ē), but never had the meaning "breath", even in Homer.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /psyː.kʰɛ̌ː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /psyˈkʰe̝/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /psyˈçi/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /psyˈçi/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /psiˈçi/
Audio (Classical Attic): (file)
Noun
ψῡχή • (psūkhḗ) f (genitive ψῡχῆς); first declension
- The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.324 f.:
- […] φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι / λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·
- […] phaíneto d’ hêi klēîdes ap’ ṓmōn aukhén’ ékhousi / laukaníēn, hína te psukhês ṓkistos ólethros;
- 1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray
- […] but there was an opening where the collar bones part the neck and shoulders, even the gullet, / where destruction of life cometh most speedily;
- […] φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι / λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·
- New Testament, Revelation 8:9, (text according to Stephanus [1550] and Scrivener [1894]):
- […] καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχὰς καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθαρη.
- […] kaì apéthanen tò tríton tôn ktismátōn tôn en têi thalássēi tà ékhonta psukhàs kaì tò tríton tôn ploíōn diephtharē.
- 1862 translation by Robert Young (Young’s Literal Translation)
- […] and die did the third of the creatures that […] in the sea, those having life, and the third of the ships were destroyed.
- […] καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχὰς καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθαρη.
- (poetic) Life-breath, life-blood (‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.516–519:
- Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν / οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ’ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε
δῃώσας: ψυχὴ δὲ κατ’ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν / ἔσσυτ’ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.- Atreḯdēs d’ ár’ épeith’ Huperḗnora poiména laôn / oûta katà lapárēn, dià d’ éntera khalkòs áphusse
dēiṓsas: psukhḕ dè kat’ outaménēn ōteilḕn / éssut’ epeigoménē, tòn dè skótos ósse kálupse.
- 1990 translation by Robert Fagles
- Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor, / gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open,
spurting his entrails out — and his life[-blood], gushing forth / through the raw, yawning wound, went pulsing fast
and the dark came swirling down across his eyes.
- Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor, / gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open,
- Atreḯdēs d’ ár’ épeith’ Huperḗnora poiména laôn / oûta katà lapárēn, dià d’ éntera khalkòs áphusse
- Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν / οὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ’ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε
- (philosophy, since the early physicists) Animating principle in primary substances, the source of life and consciousness.
- Heraclitus, frag. 36 :
- ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψυχή.
- psukhêisin thánatos húdōr genésthai, húdati dè thánatos gên genésthai, ek gês dè húdōr gínetai, ex húdatos dè psukhḗ.
- 1920 translation by John Burnet
- For it is death to souls to become water, and death to water to become earth. But water comes from earth; and from water, soul.
- ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψυχή.
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, De anima 405a20:
- ἔοικε δὲ καὶ Θαλῆς ἐξ ὧν ἀπομνημονεύουσι κινητικόν τι τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν, εἴπερ τὴν λίθον ἔφη ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ·
- éoike dè kaì Thalês ex hôn apomnēmoneúousi kinētikón ti tḕn psukhḕn hupolabeîn, eíper tḕn líthon éphē psukhḕn ékhein, hóti tòn sídēron kineî;
- 1855 translation by Charles Collier
- Thales, too, from what has been recorded of him, seems to have assumed that the Vital Principle is something motive, since he said that the loadstone must have a Vital Principle because it gives motion to iron.
- ἔοικε δὲ καὶ Θαλῆς ἐξ ὧν ἀπομνημονεύουσι κινητικόν τι τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν, εἴπερ τὴν λίθον ἔφη ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ·
- Animate existence, viewed as a possession, one’s life.
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.422 f.:
- πάντας δὲ δόλους καὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινον, / ὥς τε περὶ ψυχῆς· μέγα γὰρ κακὸν ἐγγύθεν ἦεν.
- pántas dè dólous kaì mêtin húphainon, / hṓs te perì psukhês; méga gàr kakòn engúthen êen.
- 1862 translation by Augustus Taber Murray
- And I wove all manner of wiles and counsel, as a man will in a matter of life and death; for great was the evil that was nigh us.
- πάντας δὲ δόλους καὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινον, / ὥς τε περὶ ψυχῆς· μέγα γὰρ κακὸν ἐγγύθεν ἦεν.
- The spirit or soul thought of as distinct from the body and leaving it at death (the immortal part of a person).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.1–5:
- μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος / οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,
πολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν / ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν
οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή.- mênin áeide theà Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos / ouloménēn, hḕ murí’ Akhaioîs álge’ éthēke,
pollàs d’ iphthímous psukhàs Áïdi proḯapsen / hērṓōn, autoùs dè helṓria teûkhe kúnessin
oiōnoîsí te pâsi, Diòs d’ eteleíeto boulḗ.
- 1990 translation by Robert Fagles
- Rage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles, / […] doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses,
hurling down to the House of Death so many sturdy […] / great fighters’ souls, but made their bodies carrion,
feasts for the dogs and birds, / and the will of Zeus was moving toward its end.
- Rage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles, / […] doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses,
- mênin áeide theà Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos / ouloménēn, hḕ murí’ Akhaioîs álge’ éthēke,
- μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος / οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,
- A disembodied spirit, a shade or ghost (the spirit of a dead person).
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey, 23.362 f. and 24.1 f.:
- αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμ’ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι / ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, οὓς ἔκτανον ἐν μεγάροισιν:
- ¶
- Ἑρμῆς δὲ ψυχὰς Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο / ἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: […]
- Robert Fagles’ translation (1996):
- [Go] quick as the rising sun the news will spread / of the suitors that I killed inside the house.
- ¶
- Now Cyllenian Hermes called away the suitors’ ghosts, […]
- Robert Fagles’ translation (1996):
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey, 23.362 f. and 24.1 f.:
- Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart.
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 53–55:
- Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ’ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ’ ἀνὴρ / τὰν πυροφόρον Λιβύαν, κρανίοις ὄφρα ξένων ναὸν Ποσειδάωνος ἐρέφοντα σχέθοι, / υἱὸς Ἀλκμήνας
- Thēbân apò Kadmeïân morphàn brakhús, psukhàn d’ ákamptos, prospalaísōn êlth’ anḕr / tàn purophóron Libúan, kraníois óphra xénōn naòn Poseidáōnos eréphonta skhéthoi, / huiòs Alkmḗnas
- 1990 translation by Diane Svarlien
- And yet once there went from Thebes, Cadmus’ city, a hero short in stature but unflinching in spirit. This hero went to the house of Antaeus in grain-bearing Libya, to keep him from roofing Poseidon's temple with the skulls of strangers, Alcmena's son.
- Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ’ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ’ ἀνὴρ / τὰν πυροφόρον Λιβύαν, κρανίοις ὄφρα ξένων ναὸν Ποσειδάωνος ἐρέφοντα σχέθοι, / υἱὸς Ἀλκμήνας
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 11.1:
- ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον.
- ḕn dé tis ára boulēthêi kaì pompikôi kaì meteṓrōi kaì lamprôi híppōi khrḗsasthai, ou mála mèn tà toiaûta ek pantòs híppou gígnetai, allà deî hupárxai autôi kaì tḕn psukhḕn megalóphrona kaì tò sôma eúrōston.
- c. 1898 translation by Henry Graham Dakyns
- If, however, the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state processions, a high stepper and a showy animal, these are qualities not to be found combined in every horse, but to begin with, the animal must have high spirit and a stalwart body.
- ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον.
- (philosophy, since Platon) The spirit of the universe, the immaterial principle of movement and life.
- 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 34b:
- ψυχὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ θεὶς διὰ παντός τε ἔτεινεν καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτῇ περιεκάλυψεν, […]
- psukhḕn dè eis tò méson autoû theìs dià pantós te éteinen kaì éti éxōthen tò sôma autêi periekálupsen, […]
- 1925 translation by W. R. M. Lamb
- And in the midst thereof He set Soul, which He stretched throughout the whole of it, and therewith He enveloped also the exterior of its body; […]
- ψυχὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ θεὶς διὰ παντός τε ἔτεινεν καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτῇ περιεκάλυψεν, […]
- The mind (seat or organ of thought), (the faculty of) reason.
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Economics 6.16:
- ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψυχάς.
- all’ ouk ára eîkhen hoútōs, all’ eníous edókoun katamanthánein tôn kalôn tàs morphàs pánu mokhthēroùs óntas tàs psukhás.
- 1979 translation by E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd and William Heinemann
- But after all, it was not so: I thought I discovered that some who were beautiful to look at were thoroughly depraved in their minds.
- ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψυχάς.
- (rare, extended from the meaning ‘soul’) Butterfly.
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.19:
- Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι ψυχαὶ ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην.
- Gínontai d’ hai mèn kaloúmenai psukhaì ek tôn kampôn, haì gínontai epì tôn phúllōn tôn khlōrôn, kaì málista epì tês rhaphánou, hḕn kaloûsí tines krámbēn.
- Those arise — those which one calls butterflies (psukhai) — out of those caterpillars which arise on leaves of green, especially on the [leaves] of the cabbage-plant (raphanos), which some call cabbage (krambē).
- Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι ψυχαὶ ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην.
Inflection
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ἡ ψῡχή hē psūkhḗ |
τὼ ψῡχᾱ́ tṑ psūkhā́ |
αἱ ψῡχαί hai psūkhaí | ||||||||||
Genitive | τῆς ψῡχῆς tês psūkhês |
τοῖν ψῡχαῖν toîn psūkhaîn |
τῶν ψῡχῶν tôn psūkhôn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῇ ψῡχῇ têi psūkhêi |
τοῖν ψῡχαῖν toîn psūkhaîn |
ταῖς ψῡχαῖς taîs psūkhaîs | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὴν ψῡχήν tḕn psūkhḗn |
τὼ ψῡχᾱ́ tṑ psūkhā́ |
τᾱ̀ς ψῡχᾱ́ς tā̀s psūkhā́s | ||||||||||
Vocative | ψῡχή psūkhḗ |
ψῡχᾱ́ psūkhā́ |
ψῡχαί psūkhaí | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Quotations
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 37–39:
- παῦροι δὲ βουλεῦσαι φόνου / παρποδίου νεφέλαν τρέψαι ποτὶ / δυσμενέων ἀνδρῶν στίχας / χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί
- paûroi dè bouleûsai phónou / parpodíou nephélan trépsai potì / dusmenéōn andrôn stíkhas / khersì kaì psukhâi dunatoí
- cited by Liddell and Scott as an example of ψυχή meaning “the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections”
- Dawson Turner’s prose translation (1852):
- But few are able to counsel how with hands and soul to turn the cloud of war that is upon them upon the ranks of the enemies.
- Abraham Moore’s metrical translation (1852):
- Few are the fiery souls that know, / When war’s fierce tempest heaviest falls, / Back on th’ assailant’s arms and wavering ranks / With hand and heart to turn / The wasteful wreck.
- Diane Svarlien’s translation (1990):
- But few are able to conspire with hand and heart to turn back against the ranks of the enemy the cloud of slaughter that presses close upon them.
- παῦροι δὲ βουλεῦσαι φόνου / παρποδίου νεφέλαν τρέψαι ποτὶ / δυσμενέων ἀνδρῶν στίχας / χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί
- (text according to Stephanus [1550], Westcott-Hort [1881] and Scrivener [1894])
Derived terms
- εὔψυχος (eúpsukhos)
- ψῡχικός (psūkhikós)
- ψυχοπομπός (psukhopompós)
Descendants
- Greek: ψυχή (psychí)
- → Coptic: ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psukhē)
- → Latin: psychē
- → Catalan: psique
- → Czech: psýcha
- → Danish: psyke
- → Dutch: psyche
- → English: psyche
- → Esperanto: psiko
- → Finnish: psyyke
- → French: psyché
- → German: Psyche
- → Italian: psiche
- → Occitan: psiquè
- → Portuguese: psique
- → Serbo-Croatian: psiha, пси̏ха
- → Spanish: psique, psiquis
- → Swedish: psyke
- → Translingual: psycho-
- → Yiddish: פּסיכע (psikhe)
- → Bulgarian: психика (psihika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)
- → Polish: psychika (via Greek ψῡχικός)
- → Romanian: psihic (via Greek ψῡχικός)
- → Russian: психика (psixika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)
References
- “ψυχή”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ψυχή”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- animation idem, page 30.
- being idem, page 72.
- bosom idem, page 90.
- breast idem, page 96.
- consciousness idem, page 162.
- heart idem, page 392.
- life idem, page 489.
- mind idem, page 530.
- nerve idem, page 556.
- reins idem, page 688.
- soul idem, page 796.
- spirit idem, page 802.
- vital idem, page 955.
- vitality idem, page 955.
- ψυχή in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- ψυχή in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- “ψυχή”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- G5590 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- 2006, Steven Paul, The Apocalypse Letter by Letter: A Literary Analysis of the Book of Revelation, page 281 (discussing Revelation 8:9): “The literal meaning of the noun ‘ψυχή’ [psykhë, or psyche] is ‘breath’; hence, like ‘πνεῦμα’ [pneuma], it can also mean ‘spirit, soul, mind.’"
- 2007, Leon Marvell, Transfigured light: philosophy, cybernetics and the hermetic imaginary →ISBN, page 128: “the psyche (the term derives from ψυχη, the breath, and ψυχειν, to breathe)”.
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek ψυχή.
Pronunciation
Noun
ψυχή • (psychí) f (plural ψυχές)
- (religion, folklore, also figurative) soul, spirit (essence of a person (or place or thing figuratively) usually thought to consist of one's thoughts and personality)
- Ο Θεός να αναπαύσει την ψυχή της. ― O Theós na anapáfsei tin psychí tis. ― God rest her soul.
- Το σώμα είναι η κιβωτός της ψυχής. ― To sóma eínai i kivotós tis psychís. ― The body is the vessel of the soul.
- Η ψυχή της Ελλάδας φαίνεται σε κάθε νότα της μουσικής. ― I psychí tis Elládas faínetai se káthe nóta tis mousikís. ― The soul of Greece can be heard in every note of music.
- Στον δρόμο δεν υπήρχε ψυχή τέτοια ώρα. ― Ston drómo den ypírche psychí tétoia óra. ― There wasn't a soul to be seen on the road at that hour.
- (figuratively) courage, bravery, valour (quality of a confident character not to be afraid or intimidated easily)
- Δεν έχει κανείς εδώ ψυχή μέσα του. ― Den échei kaneís edó psychí mésa tou. ― Not one person here has any courage.
- (entomology) butterfly
- (music) sound post (of a string instrument, e.g. the violin)
Declension
Declension of ψυχή
Derived terms
- άβυσσος η ψυχή του ανθρώπου (ávyssos i psychí tou anthrópou, “there's nowt so queer as folk”) (literally: "an abyss [is] the soul of man")
Related terms
- εν βρασμώ ψυχής (en vrasmó psychís)
- μια ψυχή που είναι να βγει (mia psychí pou eínai na vgei)
- πήγε η ψυχή μου στην Κούλουρη (píge i psychí mou stin Koúlouri)
- ψυχάκι (psycháki)
- ψυχάρα (psychára)
- ψυχή τε και σώματι (psychí te kai sómati)
- ψυχικά (psychiká)
- ψυχικό (psychikó)
- ψυχικός (psychikós)
- ψυχισμός (psychismós)
- ψυχούλα (psychoúla)
- ψυχούδι (psychoúdi)
- ψυχωμένος (psychoménos)
- ψύχωση (psýchosi)
- ψυχωτικός (psychotikós)
- ξεψυχώ (xepsychó)
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -η (zero grade)
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek terms with audio links
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek nouns
- Ancient Greek oxytone terms
- Ancient Greek feminine nouns
- Ancient Greek first-declension nouns
- Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension
- Ancient Greek terms with quotations
- Ancient Greek poetic terms
- grc:Philosophy
- Ancient Greek terms with rare senses
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek terms with audio links
- Greek lemmas
- Greek nouns
- Greek feminine nouns
- el:Religion
- el:Folklore
- Greek terms with usage examples
- el:Entomology
- el:Music
- Greek nouns declining like 'γραμμή'
- el:Insects