Appendix:Greek pronunciation: difference between revisions

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<table style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#F3F9FF; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:0.5em"><tr><td>'''Disclaimer''': This page does not yet reflect community policy. If you want to discuss or contribute to the development or adoption of this potential policy you are encouraged to do so on the [[Wiktionary talk:About Greek/Pronunciation|discussion page]].</table>
<table style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#F3F9FF; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:0.5em"><tr><td>'''Disclaimer''': This page does not yet reflect community policy. If you want to discuss or contribute to the development or adoption of this potential policy you are encouraged to do so on the [[Wiktionary talk:About Greek/Pronunciation|discussion page]].</table>
{{shortcut|AP:pron:el}}


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
The following table contains some vowel letters that are pronounced as consonants.<br>
{| {{wikitable}}
Also see ''[[#Diphthongs|Diphthongs]]''.
! &nbsp;

{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[IPA]]
! [[IPA]]
! IPA used elsewhere
! IPA used elsewhere
Line 10: Line 14:
! Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
! {{big|{{lang|el|α}}}}
| align=center| <big>α</big>
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|a}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|a}}}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ä}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɐ}}}}}}
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|low central]]
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|low central]]
| [[αγορά]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''a'''ɣoˈɾa]}}, [[άνω]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''a'''no]}}
| {{l|el|αγορά|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''a'''ɣoˈɾa/}}, {{l|el|άνω|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''a'''no/}}
|
| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>ο</big><br><big>ω</big>
! {{big|{{lang|el|ο}}}}<br>{{big|{{lang|el|ω}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|o}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|o}}}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|o̞}}</big></big> or <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɔ}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|o̞}}}}}} or {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɔ}}}}}}
| [[w:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel#Mid_back_rounded_vowel|mid back]]
| [[w:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel#Mid_back_rounded_vowel|mid back]]
| [[ομάδα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''o'''ˈmaða]}}<br>[[πάνω]] {{IPAchar|[ˈpan'''o''']}}, [[ωμέγα]] {{IPAchar|['''o'''ˈmeɣa]}}
| {{l|el|ομάδα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''o'''ˈmaða/}}<br>{{l|el|πάνω|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/ˈpan'''o'''/}}, {{l|el|ωμέγα|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/'''o'''ˈmeɣa/}}
|
| &nbsp;
|-
|-
! {{big|{{lang|el|ου}}}}
| align=center| <big>ου</big>
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|u}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|u}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|high back]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|high back]]
| [[πουλί]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[p'''u'''ˈli]}}, [[φούστα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈf'''u'''sta]}}
| {{l|el|πουλί|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/p'''u'''ˈli/}}, {{l|el|φούστα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈf'''u'''sta/}}
|
| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>ε</big><br><big>αι</big>
! {{big|{{lang|el|ε}}}}<br>{{big|{{lang|el|αι}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|e}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|e}}}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|e̞}}</big></big> or <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɛ}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|e̞}}}}}} or {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɛ}}}}}}
| [[w:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel#Mid_front_unrounded_vowel|mid front]]
| [[w:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel#Mid_front_unrounded_vowel|mid front]]
| [[πεθερά]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[p'''e'''θeˈɾa]}}, [[μέλι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈm'''e'''li]}}<br>[[αιτία]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''e'''ˈtia]}}, [[παιδί]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[p'''e'''ˈði]}}
| {{l|el|πεθερά|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/p'''e'''θeˈɾa/}}, {{l|el|μέλι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈm'''e'''li/}}<br>{{l|el|αιτία|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''e'''ˈtia/}}, {{l|el|παιδί|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/p'''e'''ˈði/}}
|
| &nbsp;
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>ι</big><br><big>η</big><br><big>υ</big><br><big>ει</big><br><big>οι</big><br><big>υι</big>
! {{big|{{lang|el|ι}}}}<br>{{big|{{lang|el|η}}}}<br>{{big|{{lang|el|υ}}}}<br>{{big|{{lang|el|ει}}}}<br>{{big|{{lang|el|οι}}}}<br>{{big|{{lang|el|υι}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|i}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|i}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|high front]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|high front]]
| [[βιβλίο]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[v'''i'''ˈvlio]}}, [[παιδί]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[peˈð'''i''']}}<br> [[μητέρα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[m'''i'''ˈteɾa]}}, [[νίκη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈn'''i'''ci]}}<br> [[γλυκό]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ɣl'''i'''ˈko]}}<br>[[κλειδί]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[kl'''i'''ˈði]}}<br>
| {{l|el|βιβλίο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/v'''i'''ˈvlio/}}, {{l|el|παιδί|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/peˈð'''i'''/}}<br> {{l|el|μητέρα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/m'''i'''ˈteɾa/}}, {{l|el|νίκη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈn'''i'''ci/}}<br> {{l|el|γλυκό|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ɣl'''i'''ˈko/}}<br>{{l|el|κλειδί|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/kl'''i'''ˈði/}}<br>
[[κοινός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[c'''i'''ˈnos]}}<br>[[υιός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''i'''ˈos]}}
{{l|el|κοινός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/c'''i'''ˈnos/}}<br>{{l|el|υιός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''i'''ˈos/}}
|<div>
|<div>
# When not followed by a vowel(e.g. [[μικρός]] {{IPAchar|[m'''i'''ˈkros]}}
# When not followed by a vowel(e.g. {{l|el|μικρός|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/m'''i'''ˈkros/}}
# When stressed (e.g. [[δουλεία]] {{IPAchar|[ðuˈli.a]}})
# When stressed (e.g. {{l|el|δουλεία|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/ðuˈli.a/}})
# In words of learned origin (e.g. [[ποιόν]] {{IPAchar|[p'''i'''ˈon]}})
# In words of learned origin (e.g. {{l|el|ποιόν|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/p'''i'''ˈon/}})
# When preceded by consonant + {{IPAchar|[ɾ]}} (e.g. [[μητριά]] {{IPAchar|[mi.tɾ'''i'''ˈa]}})
# When preceded by consonant + {{IPAfont|[ɾ]}} (e.g. {{l|el|μητριά|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/mi.tɾ'''i'''ˈa/}})
</div>
</div>
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 valign=center align=center| <big>ι<br>η<br>υ<br>οι<br>ει</big>
! rowspan=4 style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" | {{big|{{lang|el|ι}}<br>{{lang|el|η}}<br>{{lang|el|υ}}<br>{{lang|el|οι}}<br>{{lang|el|ει}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ʝ}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ʝ}}}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|j}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|j}}}}}}
|
|
| [[καράβια]] {{IPAchar|[kaˈɾav'''ʝ'''a]}}, [[παιδιά]] {{IPAchar|[peˈð'''ʝ'''a]}}, [[μαγειρειό]] {{IPAchar|[maʝiˈɾ'''ʝ'''o]}}
| {{l|el|καράβια|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/kaˈɾav'''ʝ'''a/}}, {{l|el|παιδιά|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/peˈð'''ʝ'''a/}}, {{l|el|μαγειρειό|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/maʝiɾˈ'''ʝ'''o/}}
| only with unstressed [i] after β, δ, ζ, ρ and before a vowel
| only with unstressed {{IPAfont|[i]}} after {{lang|el|β, δ, ζ, ρ}} and before a vowel
|-
|-
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ç}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ç}}}}}}
|
|
|
|
| [[φωτιά]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[foˈt'''ç'''a]}}, [[ελάφια]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[eˈlaf'''ç'''a]}}, [[καλάθια]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[kaˈlaθ'''ç'''a]}}, [[ίσιος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈis'''ç'''os]}}, [[πιο]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[p'''ç'''o]}}, [[ποιος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[p'''ç'''os]}}
| {{l|el|φωτιά|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/foˈt'''ç'''a/}}, {{l|el|ελάφια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/eˈlaf'''ç'''a/}}, {{l|el|καλάθια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/kaˈlaθ'''ç'''a/}}, {{l|el|ίσιος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈis'''ç'''os/}}, {{l|el|πιο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈp'''ç'''o/}}, {{l|el|ποιος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈp'''ç'''os/}}
| only with unstressed [i] after θ, π, σ, τ, φ and before a vowel
| only with unstressed {{IPAfont|[i]}} after {{lang|el|θ, π, σ, τ, φ}} and before a vowel
|-
|-
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɲ}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɲ}}}}}}
|
|
|
|
| [[μια]] {{IPAchar|[m'''ɲ'''a]}}, [[μυαλό]] {{IPAchar|[m'''ɲ'''aˈlo]}}
| {{l|el|μια|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/ˈm'''ɲ'''a/}}, {{l|el|μυαλό|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/m'''ɲ'''aˈlo/}}
| only with unstressed [i] after μ and before a vowel
| only with unstressed {{IPAfont|[i]}} after μ and before a vowel
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>αυ</big>
| style="text-align: center;" |
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|af}}</big></big>
|
|
|
|
| {{l|el|για|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ʝa/}}, {{l|el|κιάλια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈcaʎa/}}, {{l|el|νοιάζομαι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈɲazome/}}, {{l|el|χιόνι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈçoni/}}
| [[αυτός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''af'''ˈtos]}}, [[ταυ]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[t'''af''']}}
| only with unstressed {{IPAfont|[i]}} after {{lang|el|γ, κ, λ, ν, χ}} and before a vowel. The preceding consonant becomes palatal.
| before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)<ref name="Holton 1997">Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). ''Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language.'' London: Routledge.</ref> and word-final
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>αυ</big>
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | {{anchor|αυ}}{{big|{{lang|el|αυ}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|av}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|af}}}}}}
|
|
|
|
| [[αυγή]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''av'''ˈʝi]}}, [[μαύρος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈm'''av'''ɾos]}}
| {{l|el|αυτός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''aˈf'''tos/}}, {{l|el|ταυ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈt'''af'''/}}
| before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)<ref name="Holton 1997" />
| before unvoiced consonants ({{lang|el|π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ}})<ref name="Holton 1997">Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). ''Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language.'' London: Routledge.</ref> and word-final
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>ευ</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|av}}}}}}
|
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ef}}</big></big>
|
|
| {{l|el|αυγή|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''aˈv'''ʝi/}}, {{l|el|μαύρος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈm'''av'''ɾos/}}
|
| before vowels and voiced consonants ({{lang|el|δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν}})<ref name="Holton 1997" />
| [[ευχαριστώ]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''ef'''xaɾiˈsto]}}
| before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)<ref name="Holton 1997">Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). ''Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language.'' London: Routledge.</ref> and word-final
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>ευ</big>
! rowspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{lang|el|ευ}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ev}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ef}}}}}}
|
|
|
|
| [[ευαγγέλιο]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''ev'''aŋˈɟelio]}}
| {{l|el|ευχαριστώ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''ef'''xaɾiˈsto/}}
| before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)<ref name="Holton 1997" />
| before unvoiced consonants ({{lang|el|π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ}})<ref name="Holton 1997">Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). ''Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language.'' London: Routledge.</ref> and word-final
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>ευ</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ev}}}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|e}}</big></big>
|
|
|
|
| {{l|el|ευαγγέλιο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''ev'''aŋˈɟelio/}}
| [[Εύβοια]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''e'''via]}}, [[ευφημισμός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''e'''fimiˈzmos]}}
| before vowels and voiced consonants ({{lang|el|δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν}})<ref name="Holton 1997" />
| before β, φ
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>ηυ</big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|e}}}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|if}}</big></big>
|
|
|
|
| {{l|el|Εύβοια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''e'''via/}}, {{l|el|ευφημισμός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''e'''fimiˈzmos/}}
| [[επηυξημένος]] {{IPAchar|[ep'''if'''ksiˈmenos]}}
| before {{lang|el|β, φ}}
| before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ) and word-final
|-
|-
| align=center| <big>ηυ</big>
! rowspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{lang|el|ηυ}}}}
| align=center| <big><big>{{IPAchar|iv}}</big></big>
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|if}}}}}}
|
|
|
|
| {{l|el|επηυξημένος|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/ep'''if'''ksiˈmenos/}}
| [[απηύδησα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[aˈp'''iv'''ðisa]}}
| before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)
| before unvoiced consonants ({{lang|el|π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ}}) and word-final
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|iv}}}}}}
|
|
| {{l|el|απηύδησα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/aˈp'''iv'''ðisa/}}
| before vowels and voiced consonants ({{lang|el|δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν}})
|}

===Diphthongs===
[[diphthong|Diphthongs]]: when two vowels are pronounced very fast, as one syllable.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[IPA]]
! IPA used elsewhere
! Examples
! Notes
|-
! {{big|{{lang|el|άι αϊ}}}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ai̯}}}}}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|aj a&#860;i}}}}}}
| {{l|el|νεράιδα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/neˈɾai̯.ða/}}, {{l|el|χαϊδεύω|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/xai̯ˈðe.vo/}}
|
|-
! {{big|{{lang|el|έι εϊ}}}}<br/>{{big|{{lang|el|έυ εϋ}}}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ei̯}}}}}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ej e&#860;i}}}}}}
| {{l|el|Χεμινγουέι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/çe.miŋ.ɣuˈei̯/}}, {{l|el|λεϊμόνι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/lei̯ˈmo.ni/}}<br/>{{l|el|γκρέυ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ɡɾei̯/}}, {{l|el|τρόλεϋ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈtɾo.lei̯/}}
| Chiefly in borrowings. Not to be confused with {{lang|el|έι, εϊ, εϋ}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/e.i/}} (with [[w:Vowel hiatus|true diaeresis]]), as in {{m|el|τέιο|tr=-}}, {{m|el|θεϊκός|tr=-}}, and {{m|el|Κεϋλάνη|tr=-}}.
|-
! {{big|{{lang|el|όι οϊ}}}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|oi̯}}}}}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|oj o&#860;i}}}}}}
| {{l|el|κορόιδο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/koˈɾoi̯.ðo/}}, {{l|el|κοροϊδεύω|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ko.ɾoi̯ˈðe.vo/}}
|
|}
|}


==Consonants==
==Consonants==
Also see some [[#Vowels|Vowels]] that are pronounced as consonants.<br>
Also see [[#Grouped_consonants|Grouped consonants]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!
! &nbsp;
! [[IPA]]
! [[IPA]]
! IPA used elsewhere
! IPA used elsewhere
Line 129: Line 167:
! Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
! [[β]]
! {{l|el|β|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|v}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|v}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced labiodental fricative}}
| {{w|Voiced labiodental fricative}}
| align="left" | [[βουλή]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''v'''uˈli]}}, [[σοβαρός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[so'''v'''aˈɾos]}}, [[συμβουλή]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[siɱ'''v'''uˈli]}}, [[βόδι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''v'''oði]}}, [[βόρεια]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''v'''oɾia]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|βουλή|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''v'''uˈli/}}, {{l|el|σοβαρός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/so'''v'''aˈɾos/}}, {{l|el|συμβουλή|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/siɱ'''v'''uˈli/}}, {{l|el|βόδι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''v'''oði/}}, {{l|el|βόρεια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''v'''oɾia/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 valign=top | [[γ]]
! rowspan=2 style="vertical-align: top;" | {{l|el|γ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɣ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɣ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced velar fricative}}
| {{w|Voiced velar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[γάμος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɣ'''amos]}}, [[αγάπη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[aˈ'''ɣ'''api]}}, [[αγόρι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[aˈ'''ɣ'''oɾi]}}, [[γάτα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɣ'''ata]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|γάμος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ɣ'''amos/}}, {{l|el|αγάπη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/aˈ'''ɣ'''api/}}, {{l|el|αγόρι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/aˈ'''ɣ'''oɾi/}}, {{l|el|γάτα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ɣ'''ata/}}
| align="left" | before [a] [o] [u]
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{IPAfont|[a]}}, {{IPAfont|[o]}}, {{IPAfont|[u]}}
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ʝ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ʝ}}}}}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|j}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|j}}}}}}
| {{w|Voiced palatal fricative}}
| {{w|Voiced palatal fricative}}
| align="left" | [[για]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''ʝ'''a]}}, [[γένος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ʝ'''enos]}}, [[Γεώργιος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''ʝ'''eˈoɾ'''ʝ'''ios]}}, [[γυαλί]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''ʝ'''aˈli]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|για|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''ʝ'''a/}}, {{l|el|γένος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ʝ'''enos/}}, {{l|el|Γεώργιος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''ʝ'''eˈoɾ'''ʝ'''ios/}}, {{l|el|γυαλί|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''ʝ'''aˈli/}}
| align="left" | before ι, η, υ, οι, ει and [e]
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{lang|el|ι, η, υ, οι, ει}} and {{IPAfont|[e]}}
|-
|-
! [[δ]]
! {{l|el|δ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ð}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ð}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Voiced dental fricative|Voiced dental fricative (interdental)]]
| [[w:Voiced dental fricative|Voiced dental fricative (interdental)]]
| align="left" | [[δώρο]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ð'''oɾo]}}, [[παιδί]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[peˈ'''ð'''i]}}, [[δάχτυλο]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ð'''axtilo]}}, [[ενδιαφέρον]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[en'''ð'''iaˈfeɾon]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|δώρο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ð'''oɾo/}}, {{l|el|παιδί|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/peˈ'''ð'''i/}}, {{l|el|δάχτυλο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ð'''axtilo/}}, {{l|el|ενδιαφέρον|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/en'''ð'''iaˈfeɾon/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! [[ζ]]
! {{l|el|ζ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|z}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|z}}}}}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|z̺}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|z̺}}}}}}
| {{w|Voiced alveolar fricative}}
| {{w|Voiced alveolar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[ζωή]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''z'''oˈi]}}, [[ζήλια]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''z'''iʎa]}}, [[χαζός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[xaˈ'''z'''os]}}, [[ζάχαρη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''z'''axaɾi]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|ζωή|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''z'''oˈi/}}, {{l|el|ζήλια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''z'''iʎa/}}, {{l|el|χαζός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/xaˈ'''z'''os/}}, {{l|el|ζάχαρη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''z'''axaɾi/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! [[θ]]
! {{l|el|θ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|θ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|θ}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|Voiceless dental fricative (interdental)]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|Voiceless dental fricative (interdental)]]
| align="left" | [[θάλασσα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''θ'''alasa]}}, [[άνθος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈan'''θ'''os]}}, [[θέμα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''θ'''ema]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|θάλασσα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''θ'''alasa/}}, {{l|el|άνθος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈan'''θ'''os/}}, {{l|el|θέμα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''θ'''ema/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 valign=top | [[κ]]
! rowspan=2 style="vertical-align: top;" | {{l|el|κ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|k}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|k}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless velar plosive}}
| {{w|Voiceless velar plosive}}
| align="left" | [[κόρη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''k'''oɾi]}}, [[σύκα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈsi'''k'''a]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|κόρη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''k'''oɾi/}}, {{l|el|σύκα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈsi'''k'''a/}}
| align="left" | before [a] [o] [u]
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{IPAfont|[a]}} {{IPAfont|[o]}} {{IPAfont|[u]}}
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|c}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|c}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless palatal plosive}}
| {{w|Voiceless palatal plosive}}
| align="left" | [[κήπος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''c'''ipos]}}, [[πακέτο]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[paˈ'''c'''eto]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|κήπος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''c'''ipos/}}, {{l|el|πακέτο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/paˈ'''c'''eto/}}, {{l|el|κιάλια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''c'''aʎa/}}
| align="left" | before ι, η, υ, ει, οι and [e]
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{lang|el|ι, η, υ, ει, οι}} and {{IPAfont|[e]}}
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 valign=top | [[λ]]
! rowspan=2 style="vertical-align: top;" | {{l|el|λ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|l}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|l}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Dental lateral approximant}}
| {{w|Dental lateral approximant}}
| align="left" | [[λάθος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''l'''aθos]}}, [[καλό]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[kaˈ'''l'''o]}}, [[λεμόνι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''l'''emoni]}}, [[πάλι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈpa'''l'''i]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|λάθος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''l'''aθos/}}, {{l|el|καλό|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/kaˈ'''l'''o/}}, {{l|el|λεμόνι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''l'''eˈmoni/}}, {{l|el|πάλι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈpa'''l'''i/}}
| align="left" | <b>{{IPAchar|ʎ}}</b> before [i] in some dialects, idiolects
| style="text-align: left;" | <b>{{IPAfont|[ʎ]}}</b> before {{IPAfont|[i]}} in some dialects, idiolects
<!-- |-
<!-- |-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ʎ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ʎ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Palatal lateral approximant}}
| {{w|Palatal lateral approximant}}
| align="left" | [[λύπη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ʎ'''ipi]}}, [[φίλοι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈfi'''ʎ'''i]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|λύπη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ʎ'''ipi/}}, {{l|el|φίλοι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈfi'''ʎ'''i/}}
| align="left" | before [i] in some dialects, idiolects -->
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{IPAfont|[i]}} in some dialects, idiolects -->
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ʎ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ʎ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Palatal lateral approximant}}
| {{w|Palatal lateral approximant}}
| align="left" | [[κιάλια]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈca'''ʎ'''a]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|κιάλια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈca'''ʎ'''a/}}
| align="left" | [li]+vowel with [i] unstressed
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPAfont|[li]}}+vowel with {{IPAfont|[i]}} unstressed
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 valign=top | [[μ]]
! rowspan=2 style="vertical-align: top;" | {{l|el|μ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|m}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|m}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Bilabial nasal}}
| {{w|Bilabial nasal}}
| align="left" | [[μόνος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''m'''onos]}}, [[χώμα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈxo'''m'''a]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|μόνος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''m'''onos/}}, {{l|el|χώμα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈxo'''m'''a/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɱ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɱ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Labiodental nasal}}
| {{w|Labiodental nasal}}
| align="left" | [[συμφωνία]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[si'''ɱ'''foˈnia]}}, [[έμφαση]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈe'''ɱ'''fasi]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|συμφωνία|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/si'''ɱ'''foˈnia/}}, {{l|el|σύμβαση|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈsi'''ɱ'''vasi/}}
| align="left" | before β, φ (labial/labiodental fricatives)
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{lang|el|β, φ}} (labial/labiodental fricatives)
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 valign=top | [[ν]]
! rowspan=3 style="vertical-align: top;" | {{anchor|ν}} {{l|el|ν|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|n}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|n}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Dental nasal}}
| {{w|Dental nasal}}
| align="left" | [[νονός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''n'''oˈnos]}}, [[ένας]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈe'''n'''as]}}, [[άνω]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈa'''n'''o]}}, [[νύχτα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''n'''ixta]}}, [[άνοιξη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈa'''n'''iksi]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|νονός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''n'''oˈnos/}}, {{l|el|ένας|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈe'''n'''as/}}, {{l|el|άνω|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈa'''n'''o/}}, {{l|el|νύχτα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''n'''ixta/}}, {{l|el|άνοιξη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈa'''n'''iksi/}}
| align="left" | <b>{{IPAchar|ɲ}}</b> before [i] in some dialects and idiolects
| style="text-align: left;" | <b>{{IPAfont|[ɲ]}}</b> before {{IPAfont|[i]}} in some dialects and idiolects
<!-- |-
<!-- |-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɲ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɲ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Palatal nasal}}
| {{w|Palatal nasal}}
| align="left" | [[νύχτα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɲ'''ixta]}}, [[άνοιξη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈa'''ɲ'''iksi]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|νύχτα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ɲ'''ixta/}}, {{l|el|άνοιξη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈa'''ɲ'''iksi/}}
| align="left" | before [i] in some dialects and idiolects -->
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{IPAfont|[i]}} in some dialects and idiolects -->
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɲ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɲ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Palatal nasal}}
| {{w|Palatal nasal}}
| align="left" | [[νοιάζομαι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɲ'''azome]}}, [[πανιά]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[paˈ'''ɲ'''a]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|νοιάζομαι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ɲ'''azome/}}, {{l|el|πανιά|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/paˈ'''ɲ'''a/}}
| align="left" | [ni]+vowel with [i] unstressed
| style="text-align: left;" | {{IPAfont|[ni]}}+vowel with {{IPAfont|[i]}} unstressed
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Velar nasal}}
| {{w|Velar nasal}}
| align="left" | [[πανκ]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈpa'''ŋ'''k]}}, [[Χέμινγουεϊ]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈçemi'''ŋ'''ɣuˈei]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|άγγελος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈa'''ŋ'''ɟelos/}}, {{l|el|ανάγκη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/aˈna'''ŋ'''ɟi/}}, {{l|el|εγχείριση|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/e'''ŋ'''ˈçiɾisi}}<br>{{l|el|πανκ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈpa'''ŋ'''k/}}, {{l|el|Χέμινγουεϊ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈçemi'''ŋ'''ɣuˈei/}}
| style="text-align: left;" | before velar and palatal consonants<ref>For {{IPAfont|/ŋɟ ŋç/}} see &sect;1.4.2.4. at Mackridge, Peter (1985) ''The Modern Greek Language: A Descriptive Analysis of Standard Modern Greek''. Oxford University Press.</ref><br>or pronunciations of non-Greek terms
| align="left" | before velar and palatal consonants
|-
|-
! [[ξ]]
! {{l|el|ξ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ks}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ks}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless velar plosive}} and {{w|Voiceless alveolar fricative}}
| {{w|Voiceless velar plosive}} and {{w|Voiceless alveolar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[ξένος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ks'''enos]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|ξένος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ks'''enos/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! [[π]]
! {{l|el|π|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|p}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|p}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless bilabial plosive}}
| {{w|Voiceless bilabial plosive}}
| align="left" | [[πόδι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''p'''oði]}}, [[κάπου]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈka'''p'''u]}}, [[παπάς]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''p'''aˈpas]}}, [[πέντε]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''p'''ende]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|πόδι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''p'''oði/}}, {{l|el|κάπου|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈka'''p'''u/}}, {{l|el|παπάς|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''p'''aˈpas/}}, {{l|el|πέντε|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''p'''ende/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! [[ρ]]
! {{l|el|ρ|tr=-}}
| <big>{{IPAchar|ɾ}}</big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɾ}}}}}}
| <big>{{IPAchar|r}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|r}}}}}}
| {{w|Alveolar flap}}
| {{w|Alveolar flap}}
| align="left" | [[ροδιά]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''ɾ'''oˈðʝa]}}, [[ψάρι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈpsa'''ɾ'''i]}}, [[πάρα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈpa'''ɾ'''a]}}, [[ρετσίνα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''ɾ'''eˈʦina]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|ροδιά|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''ɾ'''oˈðʝa/}}, {{l|el|ψάρι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈpsa'''ɾ'''i/}}, {{l|el|πάρα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈpa'''ɾ'''a/}}, {{l|el|ρετσίνα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''ɾ'''eˈt͡sina/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! {{l|el|σ|tr=-}}/{{l|el|ς|tr=-}}
! [[σ]]/[[ς]]
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|s}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|s}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless alveolar fricative}}
| {{w|Voiceless alveolar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[σώμα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''s'''oma]}}, [[δάσος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈða'''s'''os]}}, [[βάση]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈva'''s'''i]}}, [[σαλάτα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''s'''aˈlata]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|σώμα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''s'''oma/}}, {{l|el|δάσος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈða'''s'''os/}}, {{l|el|βάση|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈva'''s'''i/}}, {{l|el|σαλάτα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''s'''aˈlata/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! [[σ]]
! {{l|el|σ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|z}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|z}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced alveolar fricative}}
| {{w|Voiced alveolar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[Λέσβος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈle'''z'''vos]}}, [[Πελασγός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[pelaˈ'''z'''ɣos]}}, [[Έσδρας]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈe'''z'''ðɾas]}}, [[κόσμος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈko'''z'''mos]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|Λέσβος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈle'''z'''vos/}}, {{l|el|Πελασγός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/pelaˈ'''z'''ɣos/}}, {{l|el|Έσδρας|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈe'''z'''ðɾas/}}, {{l|el|κόσμος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈko'''z'''mos/}}
| align="left" | before {{IPAchar|[v] [ɣ] [ʝ] [ð] [z] [m]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{IPAfont|[v, ɣ, ʝ, ð, z, m]}}
|-
|-
! [[τ]]
! {{l|el|τ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|t}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|t}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless dental plosive}}
| {{w|Voiceless dental plosive}}
{{w|Voiceless alveolar plosive}}
{{w|Voiceless alveolar plosive}}
| align="left" | [[τέλος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''t'''elos]}}, [[ποτό]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[poˈ'''t'''o]}}, [[μητέρα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[miˈ'''t'''eɾa]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|τέλος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''t'''elos/}}, {{l|el|ποτό|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/poˈ'''t'''o/}}, {{l|el|μητέρα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/miˈ'''t'''eɾa/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! [[φ]]
! {{l|el|φ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|f}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|f}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless labiodental fricative}}
| {{w|Voiceless labiodental fricative}}
| align="left" | [[φόρος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''f'''oɾos]}}, [[νέφος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈne'''f'''os]}}, [[φούστα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''f'''usta]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|φόρος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''f'''oɾos/}}, {{l|el|νέφος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈne'''f'''os/}}, {{l|el|φούστα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''f'''usta/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 valign=top | [[χ]]
! rowspan=2 style="vertical-align: top;" | {{l|el|χ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|x}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|x}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless velar fricative}}
| {{w|Voiceless velar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[χαρά]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''x'''aˈɾa]}}, [[βήχας]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈvi'''x'''as]}}, [[άγχος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈaŋ'''x'''os]}}, [[χάνω]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''x'''ano]}}, [[χρόνος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''x'''ɾonos]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|χαρά|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''x'''aˈɾa/}}, {{l|el|άγχος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈaŋ'''x'''os/}}, {{l|el|χουρμάς|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''x'''uɾˈmas/}}, {{l|el|χρεώνω|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''x'''ɾeˈo.no/}}, {{l|el|δάχτυλο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈða'''x'''.ti.lo/}}, {{l|el|Αλλάχ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/aˈlax/}}
| align="left" | before [a], [o], [u]
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{IPAfont|[a, o, u]}}, or consonants; at the end of words
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ç}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ç}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless palatal fricative}}
| {{w|Voiceless palatal fricative}}
| align="left" | [[χιόνι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ç'''oni]}}, [[βροχή]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[vɾoˈ'''ç'''i]}}, [[χέρι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ç'''eɾi]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|χιόνι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ç'''oni/}}, {{l|el|βροχή|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/vɾoˈ'''ç'''i/}}, {{l|el|χέρι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ç'''eɾi/}}
| align="left" | before ι, η, υ, ει, οι, [e]
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{lang|el|ι, η, υ, ει, οι}}, {{IPAfont|[e]}}
|-
|-
! [[ψ]]
! {{l|el|ψ|tr=-}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ps}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ps}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless bilabial plosive}} and {{w|Voiceless alveolar fricative}}
| {{w|Voiceless bilabial plosive}} and {{w|Voiceless alveolar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[ψωμί]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''ps'''oˈmi]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|ψωμί|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''ps'''oˈmi/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|}
|}


==Grouped consonants==
==Grouped consonants==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!
! &nbsp;
! [[IPA]]
! [[IPA]]
! IPA used elsewhere
! IPA used elsewhere
Line 320: Line 358:
! Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
! <b>τσ<br/>τς</b>
! <b>{{lang|el|τσ}}<br/>{{lang|el|τς}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ʦ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ts}}}}}}
|
|
|
| {{w|Voiceless alveolar affricate}}
| align="left" | [[τσέπη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ʦ'''epi]}}, [[παπούτσι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[paˈpu'''ʦ'''i]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|τσέπη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ts'''epi/}}, {{l|el|παπούτσι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/paˈpu'''ts'''i/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! <b>τζ</b>
! <b>{{lang|el|τζ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ʣ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|dz}}}}}}
|
|
|
| {{w|Voiced alveolar affricate}}
| align="left" | [[τζάμι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ʣ'''ami]}}, [[παντζάρι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[panˈ'''ʣ'''aɾi]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|τζαμί|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''dz'''aˈmi/}}, {{l|el|παντζάρι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/panˈ'''dz'''aɾi/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 valign=center | <b>μπ</b>
! rowspan=4 style="vertical-align: middle;" | <b>{{lang|el|μπ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|b}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|b}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced bilabial plosive}}
| {{w|Voiced bilabial plosive}}
| align="left" | [[μπότα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''b'''ota]}}, [[μπύρα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''b'''iɾa]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|μπότα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''b'''ota/}}, {{l|el|μπίρα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''b'''iɾa/}}
| align="left" | initial position
| style="text-align: left;" | initial position
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|mb}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|mb}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced bilabial plosive}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced bilabial plosive}}
| align="left" | [[καμπάνα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ka'''m'''ˈ'''b'''ana]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|καμπάνα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ka'''m'''ˈ'''b'''ana/}}
| align="left" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciations: {{IPAchar|<sup><small>m</small></sup>b}}, {{IPAchar|b}}
| style="text-align: left;" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciations: {{IPAfont|[ᵐb, b]}}
<!-- |-
<!-- |-
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ᵐb}}}}}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|<sup><small>m</small></sup>b}}</big></big>
|
|
|
|
| align="left" | [[έμπορος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈe'''<sup><small>m</small></sup>b'''oɾos]}}, [[κομπιούτερ]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[koˈ'''<sup><small>m</small></sup>b'''ʝuteɾ]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|έμπορος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈe'''ᵐb'''oɾos/}}, {{l|el|κομπιούτερ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/koˈ'''ᵐb'''ʝuteɾ/}}
| align="left" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
| style="text-align: left;" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
-->
-->
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|b}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|b}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced bilabial plosive}}
| {{w|Voiced bilabial plosive}}
| align="left" | [[μπουμπούκι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[buˈ'''b'''uci]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|μπουμπούκι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/buˈ'''b'''uci/}}
| align="left" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
| style="text-align: left;" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|mp}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|mp}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless bilabial plosive}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless bilabial plosive}}
| align="left" | [[κομπιούτερ]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ko'''mˈp'''çuteɾ]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|κομπιούτερ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ko'''mˈp'''çuteɾ/}}
| align="left" | with borrowed words
| style="text-align: left;" | with borrowed words (careful § barely attested pronunciation), commonly pronounced {{IPAfont|/ko'''ˈb'''ʝuter/}}
|-
|-
! <b>μπτ</b>
! <b>{{lang|el|μπτ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|mt}}</big></big> or <big><big>{{IPAchar|mpt}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|mt}}}}}} or {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|mpt}}}}}}
|
|
|
|
| align="left" | [[Πέμπτη]] {{IPAchar|[ˈpe'''mt'''i]}} or {{IPAchar|[ˈpe'''mpt'''i]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|Πέμπτη|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/ˈpe'''mt'''i/}} or {{IPAfont|/ˈpe'''mpt'''i/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 valign=center | <b>ντ</b>
! rowspan=4 style="vertical-align: middle;" | <b>{{lang|el|ντ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|d}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|d}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced dental plosive}}
| {{w|Voiced dental plosive}}
| align="left" | [[ντουλάπα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''d'''uˈlapa]}}, [[ντάμα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''d'''ama]}}, [[ντομάτα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|['''d'''oˈmata]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|ντουλάπα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''d'''uˈlapa/}}, {{l|el|ντάμα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''d'''ama/}}, {{l|el|ντομάτα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/'''d'''oˈmata/}}
| align="left" | initial position
| style="text-align: left;" | initial position
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|nd}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|nd}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced dental plosive}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced dental plosive}}
| align="left" | [[πέντε]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈpe'''nd'''e]}}, [[έντομο]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈe'''nd'''omo]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|πέντε|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈpe'''nd'''e/}}, {{l|el|έντομο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈe'''nd'''omo/}}
| align="left" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciation: {{IPAchar|<sup><small>n</small></sup>d}}, {{IPAchar|d}}
| style="text-align: left;" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciation: {{IPAfont|[ⁿd, d]}}
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|d}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|d}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced dental plosive}}
| {{w|Voiced dental plosive}}
| align="left" | [[ντουντούκα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[duˈ'''d'''uka]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|ντουντούκα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/duˈ'''d'''uka/}}
| align="left" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
| style="text-align: left;" | medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|nt}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|nt}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless dental plosive}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless dental plosive}}
| align="left" | [[αντένα]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[a'''nˈt'''ena]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|αντένα|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/a'''nˈt'''ena/}}
| align="left" | with borrowed words
| style="text-align: left;" | with borrowed words (careful § barely attested pronunciation), commonly pronounced {{IPAfont|/a'''ˈd'''ena/}}
|-
|-
! <b>ντσ<br/>ντς</b>
! <b>{{lang|el|ντσ}}<br/>{{lang|el|ντς}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|nʦ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|nt͡s}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless alveolar affricate}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless alveolar affricate}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;[[αβάντσα]] &nbsp;{{IPAchar|[aˈva'''nts'''a]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;{{l|el|αβάντσα|tr=-}} &nbsp;{{IPAfont|/aˈva'''nt͡s'''a/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! <b>ντζ</b>
! <b>{{lang|el|ντζ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|nʣ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|nd͡z}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced alveolar affricate}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced alveolar affricate}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;[[σκαντζόχοιρος]] &nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ska'''ˈndz'''oçiɾos]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;{{l|el|σκαντζόχοιρος|tr=-}} &nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ska'''ˈnd͡z'''oçiɾos/}}
| style="text-align: left;" | Many speakers don't distinguish between dz and ndz and for those who do their ndz doesn't map consistently with the established spellings, thus the given word may be pronounced as {{IPAfont|/ska'''ˈdz'''oçiɾos/}} by both of the above-mentioned groups.
| align="left" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 valign=center | <b>γκ</b>
! rowspan=4 style="vertical-align: middle;" | <b>{{lang|el|γκ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɡ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɡ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced velar plosive}}
| {{w|Voiced velar plosive}}
| align="left" | [[γκρίνια]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɡ'''ɾiɲa]}}, [[γκάζι]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɡ'''azi]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|γκρίνια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ɡ'''ɾiɲa/}}, {{l|el|γκάζι|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ɡ'''azi/}}
| align="left" | initial position, before [a], [o], [u]
| style="text-align: left;" | initial position, before {{IPAfont|[a, o, u]}}, or a consonant
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɟ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɟ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{w|Voiced palatal plosive}}
| {{w|Voiced palatal plosive}}
| align="left" | [[γκιόνης]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈ'''ɟ'''onis]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|γκιόνης|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈ'''ɟ'''onis/}}
| align="left" | initial position, before ι, η, υ, οι, ει, [e]
| style="text-align: left;" | initial position, before {{lang|el|ι, η, υ, οι, ει}}, {{IPAfont|[e]}}
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋɡ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋɡ}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced velar plosive}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced velar plosive}}
| align="left" | [[αγκώνας]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[a'''ŋ'''ˈ'''ɡ'''onas]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|αγκώνας|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/a'''ŋ'''ˈ'''ɡ'''onas/}}
| align="left" | medial position
| style="text-align: left;" | medial position
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋɟ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋɟ}}}}}}
|<!-- <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɲɟ}}</big></big>-->
|<!-- {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɲɟ}}}}}}-->
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced palatal plosive}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced palatal plosive}}
| align="left" | [[ανάγκη]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[aˈna'''ŋɟ'''i]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|ανάγκη|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/aˈna'''ŋɟ'''i/}}
| align="left" | medial position
| style="text-align: left;" | medial position
|-
|-
! <b>γκτ</b>
! <b>{{lang|el|γκτ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋkt}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋkt}}}}}}
|
|
|
|
| align="left" | [[ελεγκτής]] {{IPAchar|[eleˈ'''ŋkt'''is]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|ελεγκτής|tr=-}} {{IPAfont|/eleˈ'''ŋkt'''is/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 valign=central | <b>γγ</b>
! rowspan=4 valign=central | <b>{{lang|el|γγ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋɡ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋɡ}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced velar plosive}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced velar plosive}}
| align="left" | [[αγγλικός]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[a'''ŋɡ'''likos]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|αγγλικός|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/a'''ŋɡ'''liˈkos/}}
| align="left" | alternate pronunciation: {{IPAchar|<sup><small>ŋ</small></sup>ɡ}}, {{IPAchar|ɡ}}
| style="text-align: left;" | alternate pronunciation: {{IPAfont|[ᵑɡ, ɡ]}}
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋɟ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋɟ}}}}}}
|<!-- <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɲɟ}}</big></big>-->
|<!-- {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɲɟ}}}}}}-->
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced palatal plosive}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced palatal plosive}}
| align="left" | [[άγγελος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈa'''ŋɟ'''elos]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|άγγελος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈa'''ŋɟ'''elos/}}
| align="left" | before ι, η, υ, ει, οι, [e]; alternate pronunciation: {{IPAchar|<sup><small>ŋ</small></sup>ɟ}}, {{IPAchar|ɟ}}
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{lang|el|ι, η, υ, ει, οι}}, {{IPAfont|[e]}}; alternate pronunciation: {{IPAfont|[ᵑɟ, ɟ]}}
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋɣ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋɣ}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced velar fricative}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced velar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[έγγραφο]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈe'''ŋɣ'''ɾafo]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|έγγραφο|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈe'''ŋɣ'''ɾafo/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋʝ}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋʝ}}}}}}
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋj}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋj}}}}}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced palatal fricative}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiced palatal fricative}}
| align="left" | [[εγγεγραμμένος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[e'''ŋʝ'''eɣɾaˈmenos]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|εγγεγραμμένος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/e'''ŋʝ'''eɣɾaˈmenos/}}
| align="left" | before [i] and [e]
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{IPAfont|[i]}} and {{IPAfont|[e]}}
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 valign=central | <b>γχ</b>
! rowspan=2 valign=central | <b>{{lang|el|γχ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋx}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋx}}}}}}
|
|
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless velar fricative}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless velar fricative}}
| align="left" | [[άγχος]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[ˈa'''ŋx'''os]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|άγχος|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/ˈa'''ŋx'''os/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|-
|-
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋç}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋç}}}}}}
|<!-- <big><big>{{IPAchar|ɲç}}</big></big>-->
|<!-- {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ɲç}}}}}}-->
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless palatal fricative}}
| [[w:Prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] {{w|Voiceless palatal fricative}}
| align="left" | [[αγχίνοια]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[a'''ŋ'''ˈ'''ç'''inia]}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|αγχίνοια|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/a'''ŋ'''ˈ'''ç'''inia/}}
| align="left" | before [i] and [e]
| style="text-align: left;" | before {{IPAfont|[i]}} and {{IPAfont|[e]}}
|-
|-
!<b>γξ</b>
!<b>{{lang|el|γξ}}</b>
| <big><big>{{IPAchar|ŋks}}</big></big>
| {{big|{{big|{{IPAfont|ŋks}}}}}}
|
|
|
|
| align="left" | [[Σφιγξ]]&nbsp;{{IPAchar|[sfi'''ŋks''']}}
| style="text-align: left;" | {{l|el|Σφιγξ|tr=-}}&nbsp;{{IPAfont|/sfi'''ŋks'''/}}
| align="left" | &nbsp;
| style="text-align: left;" |
|}
|}


Line 506: Line 544:
[[Category:Greek appendices|Pronunciation]]
[[Category:Greek appendices|Pronunciation]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]
[[Category:Pronunciation by language]]

[[el:Παράρτημα:Προφορά/ελληνικά]]
[[fr:Annexe:Prononciation/grec]]

Latest revision as of 15:39, 14 March 2024

Disclaimer: This page does not yet reflect community policy. If you want to discuss or contribute to the development or adoption of this potential policy you are encouraged to do so on the discussion page.
Shortcut:
AP:pron:el

Vowels[edit]

The following table contains some vowel letters that are pronounced as consonants.
Also see Diphthongs.

IPA IPA used elsewhere Articulation Examples Notes
α a ɐ low central αγορά /aɣoˈɾa/, άνω /ˈano/
ο
ω 		o o̞ or ɔ mid back ομάδα /oˈmaða/
πάνω /ˈpano/, ωμέγα /oˈmeɣa/
ου u high back πουλί /puˈli/, φούστα /ˈfusta/
ε
αι 		e e̞ or ɛ mid front πεθερά /peθeˈɾa/, μέλι /ˈmeli/
αιτία /eˈtia/, παιδί /peˈði/
ι
η
υ
ει
οι
υι 		i high front βιβλίο /viˈvlio/, παιδί /peˈði/
μητέρα /miˈteɾa/, νίκη /ˈnici/
γλυκό /ɣliˈko/
κλειδί /kliˈði/

κοινός /ciˈnos/
υιός /iˈos/

  1. When not followed by a vowel(e.g. μικρός /miˈkros/
  2. When stressed (e.g. δουλεία /ðuˈli.a/)
  3. In words of learned origin (e.g. ποιόν /piˈon/)
  4. When preceded by consonant + [ɾ] (e.g. μητριά /mi.tɾiˈa/)
ι
η
υ
οι
ει 		ʝ j καράβια /kaˈɾavʝa/, παιδιά /peˈðʝa/, μαγειρειό /maʝiɾˈʝo/ only with unstressed [i] after β, δ, ζ, ρ and before a vowel
ç φωτιά /foˈtça/, ελάφια /eˈlafça/, καλάθια /kaˈlaθça/, ίσιος /ˈisços/, πιο /ˈpço/, ποιος /ˈpços/ only with unstressed [i] after θ, π, σ, τ, φ and before a vowel
ɲ μια /ˈmɲa/, μυαλό /mɲaˈlo/ only with unstressed [i] after μ and before a vowel
για /ʝa/, κιάλια /ˈcaʎa/, νοιάζομαι /ˈɲazome/, χιόνι /ˈçoni/ only with unstressed [i] after γ, κ, λ, ν, χ and before a vowel. The preceding consonant becomes palatal.
αυ af αυτός /aˈftos/, ταυ /ˈtaf/ before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)[1] and word-final
av αυγή /aˈvʝi/, μαύρος /ˈmavɾos/ before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)[1]
ευ ef ευχαριστώ /efxaɾiˈsto/ before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ)[1] and word-final
ev ευαγγέλιο /evaŋˈɟelio/ before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)[1]
e Εύβοια /ˈevia/, ευφημισμός /efimiˈzmos/ before β, φ
ηυ if επηυξημένος /epifksiˈmenos/ before unvoiced consonants (π τ κ θ χ σ ξ ψ) and word-final
iv απηύδησα /aˈpivðisa/ before vowels and voiced consonants (δ γ ζ λ ρ μ ν)

Diphthongs[edit]

Diphthongs: when two vowels are pronounced very fast, as one syllable.

IPA IPA used elsewhere Examples Notes
άι αϊ ai̯ aj a͜i νεράιδα /neˈɾai̯.ða/, χαϊδεύω /xai̯ˈðe.vo/
έι εϊ
έυ εϋ 		ei̯ ej e͜i Χεμινγουέι /çe.miŋ.ɣuˈei̯/, λεϊμόνι /lei̯ˈmo.ni/
γκρέυ /ɡɾei̯/, τρόλεϋ /ˈtɾo.lei̯/ 		Chiefly in borrowings. Not to be confused with έι, εϊ, εϋ /e.i/ (with true diaeresis), as in τέιο, θεϊκός, and Κεϋλάνη.
όι οϊ oi̯ oj o͜i κορόιδο /koˈɾoi̯.ðo/, κοροϊδεύω /ko.ɾoi̯ˈðe.vo/

Consonants[edit]

Also see some Vowels that are pronounced as consonants.
Also see Grouped consonants.

IPA IPA used elsewhere Articulation Examples Notes
β v Voiced labiodental fricative βουλή /vuˈli/, σοβαρός /sovaˈɾos/, συμβουλή /siɱvuˈli/, βόδι /ˈvoði/, βόρεια /ˈvoɾia/
γ ɣ Voiced velar fricative γάμος /ˈɣamos/, αγάπη /aˈɣapi/, αγόρι /aˈɣoɾi/, γάτα /ˈɣata/ before [a], [o], [u]
ʝ j Voiced palatal fricative για /ʝa/, γένος /ˈʝenos/, Γεώργιος /ʝeˈoɾʝios/, γυαλί /ʝaˈli/ before ι, η, υ, οι, ει and [e]
δ ð Voiced dental fricative (interdental) δώρο /ˈðoɾo/, παιδί /peˈði/, δάχτυλο /ˈðaxtilo/, ενδιαφέρον /enðiaˈfeɾon/
ζ z z̺ Voiced alveolar fricative ζωή /zoˈi/, ζήλια /ˈziʎa/, χαζός /xaˈzos/, ζάχαρη /ˈzaxaɾi/
θ θ Voiceless dental fricative (interdental) θάλασσα /ˈθalasa/, άνθος /ˈanθos/, θέμα /ˈθema/
κ k Voiceless velar plosive κόρη /ˈkoɾi/, σύκα /ˈsika/ before [a] [o] [u]
c Voiceless palatal plosive κήπος /ˈcipos/, πακέτο /paˈceto/, κιάλια /ˈcaʎa/ before ι, η, υ, ει, οι and [e]
λ l Dental lateral approximant λάθος /ˈlaθos/, καλό /kaˈlo/, λεμόνι /leˈmoni/, πάλι /ˈpali/ [ʎ] before [i] in some dialects, idiolects
ʎ Palatal lateral approximant κιάλια /ˈcaʎa/ [li]+vowel with [i] unstressed
μ m Bilabial nasal μόνος /ˈmonos/, χώμα /ˈxoma/
ɱ Labiodental nasal συμφωνία /siɱfoˈnia/, σύμβαση /ˈsiɱvasi/ before β, φ (labial/labiodental fricatives)
ν n Dental nasal νονός /noˈnos/, ένας /ˈenas/, άνω /ˈano/, νύχτα /ˈnixta/, άνοιξη /ˈaniksi/ [ɲ] before [i] in some dialects and idiolects
ɲ Palatal nasal νοιάζομαι /ˈɲazome/, πανιά /paˈɲa/ [ni]+vowel with [i] unstressed
ŋ Velar nasal άγγελος /ˈaŋɟelos/, ανάγκη /aˈnaŋɟi/, εγχείριση /eŋˈçiɾisi
πανκ /ˈpaŋk/, Χέμινγουεϊ /ˈçemiŋɣuˈei/ 		before velar and palatal consonants[2]
or pronunciations of non-Greek terms
ξ ks Voiceless velar plosive and Voiceless alveolar fricative ξένος /ˈksenos/
π p Voiceless bilabial plosive πόδι /ˈpoði/, κάπου /ˈkapu/, παπάς /paˈpas/, πέντε /ˈpende/
ρ ɾ r Alveolar flap ροδιά /ɾoˈðʝa/, ψάρι /ˈpsaɾi/, πάρα /ˈpaɾa/, ρετσίνα /ɾeˈt͡sina/
σ/ς s Voiceless alveolar fricative σώμα /ˈsoma/, δάσος /ˈðasos/, βάση /ˈvasi/, σαλάτα /saˈlata/
σ z Voiced alveolar fricative Λέσβος /ˈlezvos/, Πελασγός /pelaˈzɣos/, Έσδρας /ˈezðɾas/, κόσμος /ˈkozmos/ before [v, ɣ, ʝ, ð, z, m]
τ t Voiceless dental plosive

Voiceless alveolar plosive

τέλος /ˈtelos/, ποτό /poˈto/, μητέρα /miˈteɾa/
φ f Voiceless labiodental fricative φόρος /ˈfoɾos/, νέφος /ˈnefos/, φούστα /ˈfusta/
χ x Voiceless velar fricative χαρά /xaˈɾa/, άγχος /ˈaŋxos/, χουρμάς /xuɾˈmas/, χρεώνω /xɾeˈo.no/, δάχτυλο /ˈðax.ti.lo/, Αλλάχ /aˈlax/ before [a, o, u], or consonants; at the end of words
ç Voiceless palatal fricative χιόνι /ˈçoni/, βροχή /vɾoˈçi/, χέρι /ˈçeɾi/ before ι, η, υ, ει, οι, [e]
ψ ps Voiceless bilabial plosive and Voiceless alveolar fricative ψωμί /psoˈmi/

Grouped consonants[edit]

IPA IPA used elsewhere Articulation Examples Notes
τσ
τς 		ts τσέπη /ˈtsepi/, παπούτσι /paˈputsi/
τζ dz τζαμί /dzaˈmi/, παντζάρι /panˈdzaɾi/
μπ b Voiced bilabial plosive μπότα /ˈbota/, μπίρα /ˈbiɾa/ initial position
mb Prenasalized Voiced bilabial plosive καμπάνα /kamˈbana/ medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciations: [ᵐb, b]
b Voiced bilabial plosive μπουμπούκι /buˈbuci/ medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
mp Prenasalized Voiceless bilabial plosive κομπιούτερ /komˈpçuteɾ/ with borrowed words (careful § barely attested pronunciation), commonly pronounced /koˈbʝuter/
μπτ mt or mpt Πέμπτη /ˈpemti/ or /ˈpempti/
ντ d Voiced dental plosive ντουλάπα /duˈlapa/, ντάμα /ˈdama/, ντομάτα /doˈmata/ initial position
nd Prenasalized Voiced dental plosive πέντε /ˈpende/, έντομο /ˈendomo/ medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors; alternative pronunciation: [ⁿd, d]
d Voiced dental plosive ντουντούκα /duˈduka/ medial position, variation dependent on sociolinguistic/dialectal factors
nt Prenasalized Voiceless dental plosive αντένα /anˈtena/ with borrowed words (careful § barely attested pronunciation), commonly pronounced /aˈdena/
ντσ
ντς 		nt͡s Prenasalized Voiceless alveolar affricate  αβάντσα  /aˈvant͡sa/
ντζ nd͡z Prenasalized Voiced alveolar affricate  σκαντζόχοιρος  /skaˈnd͡zoçiɾos/ Many speakers don't distinguish between dz and ndz and for those who do their ndz doesn't map consistently with the established spellings, thus the given word may be pronounced as /skaˈdzoçiɾos/ by both of the above-mentioned groups.
γκ ɡ Voiced velar plosive γκρίνια /ˈɡɾiɲa/, γκάζι /ˈɡazi/ initial position, before [a, o, u], or a consonant
ɟ Voiced palatal plosive γκιόνης /ˈɟonis/ initial position, before ι, η, υ, οι, ει, [e]
ŋɡ Prenasalized Voiced velar plosive αγκώνας /aŋˈɡonas/ medial position
ŋɟ Prenasalized Voiced palatal plosive ανάγκη /aˈnaŋɟi/ medial position
γκτ ŋkt ελεγκτής /eleˈŋktis/
γγ ŋɡ Prenasalized Voiced velar plosive αγγλικός /aŋɡliˈkos/ alternate pronunciation: [ᵑɡ, ɡ]
ŋɟ Prenasalized Voiced palatal plosive άγγελος /ˈaŋɟelos/ before ι, η, υ, ει, οι, [e]; alternate pronunciation: [ᵑɟ, ɟ]
ŋɣ Prenasalized Voiced velar fricative έγγραφο /ˈeŋɣɾafo/
ŋʝ ŋj Prenasalized Voiced palatal fricative εγγεγραμμένος /eŋʝeɣɾaˈmenos/ before [i] and [e]
γχ ŋx Prenasalized Voiceless velar fricative άγχος /ˈaŋxos/
ŋç Prenasalized Voiceless palatal fricative αγχίνοια /aŋˈçinia/ before [i] and [e]
γξ ŋks Σφιγξ /sfiŋks/

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Holton, D., Mackridge, P. and Philippaki-Warburton, I. (1997). Greek: A comprehensive grammar of the modern language. London: Routledge.
  2. ^ For /ŋɟ ŋç/ see §1.4.2.4. at Mackridge, Peter (1985) The Modern Greek Language: A Descriptive Analysis of Standard Modern Greek. Oxford University Press.

Suggested sources[edit]

The main sources of the values above were:

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