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# {{lb|zh|Cantonese|Southern Min}} [[difficult]]
# {{lb|zh|Cantonese|Southern Min}} [[difficult]]
#: {{zh-x|呢{ni1} 單 嘢 好 惡 搞。|This is really '''hard''' to deal with.|C}}
#: {{zh-x|呢{ni1} 單 嘢 好 惡 搞。|This is really '''hard''' to deal with.|C}}
#* {{quote-song|zh|year=1975|artist=w:Wan Kwong|title=zh:《十四座》<t:14 Seats>}}
#* {{quote-song|zh|year=1975|artist=w:Wan Kwong|title=zh:十四座<t:14 Seats>}}
#*: {{zh-q|幾 千 牌費 仲 更加 惡 捱|several thousand dollars worth of license fees is even more unbearable|C}}
#*: {{zh-q|幾 千 牌費 仲 更加 惡 捱|several thousand dollars worth of license fees is even more unbearable|C}}
# {{lb|zh|Quanzhou Hokkien|Xiamen Hokkien|&|Philippine Hokkien}} to [[verbally]] [[abuse]]; to [[reprimand]]; to [[curse]]; to [[rebuke]]
# {{lb|zh|Quanzhou Hokkien|Xiamen Hokkien|&|Philippine Hokkien}} to [[verbally]] [[abuse]]; to [[reprimand]]; to [[curse]]; to [[rebuke]]

Revision as of 18:53, 19 May 2024

See also: 悪, 恶, 亞, and 噩
惡 U+60E1, &#24801;
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60E1
← 惠
[U+60E0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 惢 →
[U+60E2]
惡 U+F9B9, &#63929;
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9B9
← 隸
[U+F9B8] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 了 →
[U+F9BA]

Translingual

Traditional 惡
Shinjitai 悪
Simplified 恶

Han character

惡 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 10331, composition ⿱亞心)

Derived characters

Descendants

  • Japanese: 𛀅

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 391, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10824
  • Dae Jaweon: page 724, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2307, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+60E1

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 惡
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (亞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
椏 *qaːʔ, *qraː
錏 *qraː
鵶 *qraː
啞 *qraːʔ, *qraːɡs, *qraːɡ, *qraːɡ
瘂 *qraːʔ
亞 *qraːɡs
婭 *qraːɡs
俹 *qraːɡs
稏 *qraːɡs
惡 *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ
噁 *qaːɡs
堊 *qaːɡ
蝁 *qaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ) : phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Etymology 1

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms
 
僫／𱏀 (oh) Hokkien (common)
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
僫／𱏀 (oh) Hokkien (common)
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩／𲂉

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (“bad”); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, “bad”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, “difficult”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 157: Incorrect tone notation "4" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.

Definitions

惡

  1. evil; wicked; foul
    惡毒／恶毒  ―  èdú  ―  malicious
    他經常作惡，這回終於犯事了。 [MSC, trad.]
    他经常作恶，这回终于犯事了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā jīngcháng zuò'è, zhè huí zhōngyú fànshì le. [Pinyin]
    He often does bad things and has finally been caught.
    Antonym: 善 (shàn)
  2. fierce; hostile; ferocious
    惡戰／恶战  ―  èzhàn  ―  to fight fiercely
    內有惡犬／内有恶犬  ―  nèi yǒu è quǎn  ―  there is a fierce dog inside
    佢心情唔好就好惡㗎喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢心情唔好就好恶㗎喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 sam1 cing4 m4 hou2 zau6 hou2 ok3 gaa3 laa3. [Jyutping]
    When he's upset, he gets really hostile.
  3. (Cantonese, transitive) to be hostile against (someone)
  4. bad; poor
    惡習／恶习  ―  èxí  ―  bad habits
    惡化／恶化  ―  èhuà  ―  to deteriorate
  5. (Cantonese, Southern Min) difficult
    呢單嘢好惡搞。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    呢单嘢好恶搞。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ni1 daan1 je5 hou2 ok3 gaau2. [Jyutping]
    This is really hard to deal with.
  6. (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to verbally abuse; to reprimand; to curse; to rebuke
  7. (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 難, 困難, 艱難
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 難, 困難, 艱難
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 難
Taiwan 難
Singapore 難
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 難
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 難
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 難
Wuhan 難
Guilin 難
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 難
Hefei 難
Cantonese Guangzhou 難, 惡 †
Hong Kong 難, 惡 †
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 難
Taishan 難, 惡 †
Yangjiang 難, 惡 †
Singapore (Guangfu) 難
Gan Nanchang 難
Hakka Meixian 難
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 難
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 難
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 難
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 難
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 難
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 難
Jin Taiyuan 難
Northern Min Jian'ou 難
Eastern Min Fuzhou 艱難, 難
Southern Min Xiamen 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Quanzhou 惡
Jinjiang 難
Zhangzhou 惡
Zhao'an 惡, 䆀 †
Dongshan 惡
Taipei 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 惡
Kaohsiung 惡
Yilan 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 惡
Taichung 惡
Tainan 惡, 歹 †
Hsinchu 惡
Kinmen 惡
Penghu (Magong) 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦, 歹 †
Singapore (Hokkien) 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦, 惡, 歹 †
Chaozhou 惡
Shantou 難, 惡
Shantou (Chenghai) 惡
Jieyang 惡, 艱苦
Haifeng 惡
Singapore (Teochew) 惡, 歹 †
Wenchang 惡
Haikou 惡
Singapore (Hainanese) 惡
Wu Suzhou 難
Wenzhou 難
Xiang Changsha 難
Shuangfeng 難
Note † - only used with a verbal complement
Dialectal synonyms of 慢 (“slow”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 慢, 緩慢
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 慢
Taiwan 慢
Malaysia 慢
Singapore 慢
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 慢
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 慢
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 慢
Wuhan 慢
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 慢
Hefei 慢
Cantonese Guangzhou 慢, 嚤
Hong Kong 慢, 嚤
Yangjiang 慢
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 慢
Singapore (Guangfu) 慢
Gan Nanchang 慢
Hakka Meixian 慢
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 慢
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 慢
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 慢
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 慢
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 慢
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 慢
Kuching (Hepo) 慢
Jin Taiyuan 慢
Northern Min Jian'ou 慢
Eastern Min Fuzhou 慢
Southern Min Xiamen 慢
Quanzhou 慢
Zhangzhou 慢
Taipei 慢, 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 慢, 惡
Kaohsiung 慢, 惡
Yilan 慢, 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 慢, 惡
Taichung 慢, 惡
Tainan 慢, 惡
Hsinchu 慢, 惡
Kinmen 慢, 惡
Penghu (Magong) 慢, 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 慢, 惡
Singapore (Hokkien) 慢
Manila (Hokkien) 慢
Chaozhou 慢
Shantou 慢
Singapore (Teochew) 慢
Wenchang 慢
Singapore (Hainanese) 慢
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 慢
Wu Shanghai 慢
Suzhou 慢
Ningbo 慢, 緩
Wenzhou 慢
Xiang Changsha 慢
Shuangfeng 慢

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (惡):

Etymology 2

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms
 
僫／𱏀
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
僫／𱏀
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩／𲂉

Exoactive of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 157: Incorrect tone notation "2" for sh. See WT:AZH/Wu.

Definitions

惡

  1. to hate; to loathe; to dislike
    厭惡／厌恶  ―  yànwù  ―  to loathe

Compounds

Etymology 3

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms
 
僫／𱏀
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
僫／𱏀
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩／𲂉

Cognate with 安 (OC *qaːn, “where; how”), 焉 (OC *qan, “where; how”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 惡
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 哀都切
Baxter 'u
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔuo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔuo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔo/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔɔ/
Li
Rong 		/ʔo/
Wang
Li 		/u/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		wū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wu1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 惡
Reading # 1/3
No. 14217
Phonetic
component 		亞
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		烏
Old
Chinese 		/*qaː/

Definitions

惡

  1. † An interrogative pronoun: how
  2. † Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah

Compounds

See also

Etymology 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁.
(This character is a variant traditional form of 噁).

Etymology 5

trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms 污
屙
涴

Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, 涴 (MC 'waH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).

Pronunciation

Definitions

惡

  1. (Wu) excrement
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 屎 (“faeces”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 糞, 屎, 糞便, 大便, 大恭
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 屎, 大外, 㞎㞎 childish
Taiwan 大便, 屎
Harbin 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Malaysia 屎, 大便
Singapore 屎, 大便
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 屎, 大糞, 㞎㞎 childish
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 屎
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 屎, 屎㞎㞎 childish
Wanrong 屎
Xi'an 屎
Xining 大便
Xuzhou 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 屎
Lanzhou 屎
Ürümqi 屎
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 屎, 屎㞎衣兒, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎㞎 childish
Wuhan 㞎㞎, 屎, 大糞, 糞, 糟兒 slang, 米田共 argot
Guiyang 屎, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎兒 childish
Liuzhou 屎, 癟, 大便
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 屎
Yangzhou 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Cantonese Guangzhou 屎, 茄
Hong Kong 屎, 茄, 大便, 米田共 slang, 便便 childish, 唔唔 childish, 臭臭 childish, 坺坺 childish
Macau 屎
Zhuhai (Doumen) 屎, 茄
Dongguan 屎
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 屎
Penang (Guangfu) 屎
Singapore (Guangfu) 屎
Gan Nanchang 屎
Lichuan 屎
Pingxiang 屎
Hakka Meixian 屎, 大糞
Yudu 屎
Kuching (Hepo) 屎
Huizhou Jixi 屎, 練 childish
Jin Taiyuan 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Northern Min Jian'ou 屎
Eastern Min Fuzhou 屎
Southern Min Xiamen 屎
Quanzhou 屎
Zhangzhou 屎
Tainan 屎, 大便 GT
Penang (Hokkien) 屎
Singapore (Hokkien) 屎
Manila (Hokkien) 屎
Chaozhou 屎
Singapore (Teochew) 屎
Leizhou 屎
Haikou 屎
Singapore (Hainanese) 屎
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 屎
Wu Shanghai 惡, 大解 dated
Shanghai (Chongming) 惡
Suzhou 惡
Danyang 屎
Hangzhou 惡
Ningbo 惡
Wenzhou 惡
Jinhua 惡
Xiang Changsha 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Loudi 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

References

Japanese

Shinjitai

悪

Kyūjitai

惡

Kanji

惡

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 悪)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC 'ak).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: qák)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 모〯딜 (Yale: mwǒtìl) 악〮 (Yale: ák)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

惡 (eumhun 악할 악 (akhal ak))

  1. Hanja form? of 악 (“evil; wickedness”). [noun]
Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC 'uH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᅩᆼ〮 (Yale: qwó)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 아쳐 (Yale: achye) 오 (Yale: wo)

Pronunciation

Hanja

惡 (eumhun 미워할 오 (miwohal o))

  1. Hanja form? of 오 (“to hate”). [affix]
Compounds
Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Tày

Adjective

惡 (ác)

  1. Nôm form of ác (“much”).
    坚惡平賊平獅
    Kin ác bặng slấc bặng slữa
    Eat a lot like invaders, like tigers
  2. Nôm form of ác (“cruel, evil”).
    老吱𫢱惡正𱺵父師
    Lạo chê là ác chính là po̱ slay
    Those who call us bad are our teachers

References

  • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[4] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Vietnamese

Han character

惡: Hán Nôm readings: ác, ố

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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